Page 0: Page 1: The People of Zimbabwe       Population of 12.3 Million Ethnicity African 98% -Shona 82%, Ndebele 14% Life Expectancy for Males = 40 Females = 38 25% HIV rate Birth Rate 28.01 births/1,000 population Death Rate 21.84 deaths/1,000 population   Religion- 50% Syncretic which is a mixture of Christianity and native religion 50% Christian 25% Native beliefs 24% 80% Unemployed, but of those employed agriculture: 66% industry: 10% services: 24% Page 2: History of Zimbabwe    1889 – Cecil John Rhodes' British South Africa Company obtains permission from the UK to colonize what becomes Southern Rhodesia. 1922 – British South Africa Company administration ends, the white minority opts for self-government. Rhodesia is now the name of the country. 1930 - Land Apportionment Act restricts black access to landWhites Only  Emergence in the 1960s of the Zimbabwe African People's Union (Zapu) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (Zanu). Page 3: History of Zimbabwe      1964 - Ian Smith of the Rhodesian Front (RF) becomes prime minister, tries to persuade Britain to grant independence. 1965 - Smith unilaterally declares independence under white minority rule. World community responds with sanctions. 1972 - Guerrilla war against white rule breaks out with Zanu and Zapu fighting on. 1978 - Elections for transitional legislature boycotted by Patriotic Front made up of ZANU and ZAPU. New government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa, fails to gain international recognition. Civil war continues. 1979 – British sponsored negotiations- Lancaster House in London leads to a peace agreement and new constitution, which guarantees minority rights (whites). A British Lord is temporarily is placed in charge until elections of 1980 are completed. Page 4: The Rise of Democracy   Raids led to escalation in white emigration from Rhodesia. War leaves over 27000 dead. March 1980- Robert Mugabe’s ZANU party wins the election. Mugabe is elected Prime Minister and Canaan Banana is elected President (Head of State- Ceremonial role) Mugabe Banana Page 5: Page 6: The Rise of Democracy     Intimidation was used by ZANU to ensure their victory. The Republic of Zimbabwe came into being on April 18, 1980 At the independence ceremony there were leaders from all over the world, including Britain's Prince Charles. Bob Marley’s song “Zimbabwe” was performed by him and was considered the unofficial national anthem. Page 7: The Rise of Authoritarianism       1982- ZANU and ZAPU get into a power struggle oriented war, 20,000 die in guerilla fighting. 1987- Peace reached between the two. Prime Minister Mugabe works with his party to amend the Constitution to make him the Head of State and Government. President Canaan Banana looses his ceremonial role of Head of State. In 1997 he was arrested in Zimbabwe on charges of sodomy. Banana was found guilty of eleven charges of sodomy in 1998. He fled before he could be imprisoned believing Mugabe was planning his death. He returned to Zimbabwe in December 1998 upon the advise of Mandela. Sentenced to serve 1 year, ends up serving 2. His health deteriorates, he dies, and there is no state funeral. Page 8: Movement towards a 1 Party State  ZANU and ZAPU merge in 1989 to form ZANU-PF (patriotic front). Some of the party’s platform:    ZANU-PF That ZANU PF shall seek to establish a socialist society in Zimbabwe on the guidance of Marxist-Leninist principles. That ZANU PF shall seek to establish a one party state in Zimbabwe. “Comrade Robert Gabriel Mugabe shall be the First Secretary and President.” Page 9: Farm and Land Redistribution      6,000 (nearly all) white-owned farms in Zimbabwe have been earmarked for resettlement. Mugabe signals this as a just way to reclaim the land that was stolen from them by whites. The land redistribution has caused infighting between the native people. Claims to land have created chaos. 100,000 + claims alone for farming rights. Mugabe gives many of the farms to personal friends and to members of the ZANU-PF Page 10: Government Structure- Legislative Was parliamentary, now it is an Authoritarian Regime but models a Presidential system. House of Assembly of Zimbabwe Senate of Zimbabwe  Before Constitution was Amended, it  Installed in 2005 was a unicameral systrem  Has a total of 66 members.  Last election March of 2005.  50 members (5 from each province)  Total of 150 members are directly elected in single elections  120 members are directly elected using the simple majority. in single member majority systems.  Mugabe appoints 6 additional  Mugabe appoints 12 additional members. members  Mugabe appoints 8 governors who  10 seats are held by traditional chiefs who are chosen in separate elections. also hold reserved seats in the House. Twenty-one women (20 elected and 1 appointed) occupy seats in the  10 seats are held by traditional chiefs who are chosen by their Senate. peers.  All members serve five-year terms. Page 11: 2005 Legislative Election    Senate has 43 ZANU-PF (Mugabe’s Party) with MDC having 7. There are also 10 Chiefs and 6 appointees from Mugabe House has 78 elected ZANU-PF, 41 MDC and 1 other. There are also 20 appointees by Mugabe Voter intimidation, widely decried as not being free and fair. Page 12: Executive Branch Mugabe – President- Chief and Head of State  Appointed Vice President- Joseph Msika and Vice President Joyce Mujuru The executive branch dominates all other branches of government in Zimbabwe  Page 13: 2002 Presidential Election Mugabe “56%” TSVANGIRAI “42%” *TSCANGURAI charged with treason for allegedly plotting to assassinate Mugabe. Page 14: Why Mugabe is so “powerful” Since 1980 his party has controlled the legislature. They have served as a rubber stamp for his agenda They have also passed numerous Amendments to the constitution that emboldened the powers of the President. March 2002 -A bill was passed that aimed to ban independent election monitors. Only a governmentappointed commission can conduct voter education. Mugabe has also stacked the Supreme Court with his allies Page 15: Judiciary        Nominated by a commission and appointed by the President. Traditionally has provided only a limited constraint on presidential actions. In November 2000, the Supreme Court ruled that President Mugabe's land reform program to hand over white-owned farms to landless blacks was illegal. President Mugabe sidestepped this court injunction by ordering the police not to enforce the High Court ruling. President Mugabe then stacked the Supreme Court with political allies. Mugabe appoints three new judges to the bench in 2001. A few months later, the Court overturned its earlier ruling said that Mugabe's land reform program to be lawful. Mugabe has also reversed court rulings and has made holdings of his own that become superior to the courts. Page 16: Current Human Rights Situation      http://www.globalvoicesonline.org/2006/10/13/zimb abwe-smuggled-dvd-brings-union-protest-beatings-tolight/ More than 40 journalists tried to report on political or human rights issues were beaten and threatened. Some cases criminal charges also. Protesters are beaten and on occasion murdered by the police. Members of the MDC party have been arrested, beaten, and even murdered. Civil liberties are not highly regarded nor are they protected. Page 17: Zimbabwe Quick Facts    Alphabetically the last country. Out of all the African nations, it has the highest adult literacy rate of 90 percent. According to the World Bank, it has the 3rd greatest reduction in life expectancy over the past decade in SSA (-18 years). Page 18: Page 19: Current Oppression of Women    Women serve in government at all levels, but are subject to rape instead of debate. Women are not allowed to inherit property and can not hold property jointly with their husbands. Women can be sold into legal and binding marriages. Page 20: The Homosexual Situation    “we don't believe they have any rights at all” In Zimbabwe, homosexuals or those perceived to be, have been beaten, arrested, framed on trumped-up charges and threatened with death. President Mugabe has said publicly on several occasions that homosexuals are not welcome in Zimbabwe and that homosexuality is a Western import. Page 21: Journalists are Targets  Torture of Ray Choto and Mark Chavunduka in 1999 for failing to disclose a source.  “…men were subjected to electric shocks on their genitals, hands and feet, and their heads were submerged in drums of water in a suffocation torture method known as "the submarine." The journalists were also blindfolded, stripped naked and made to do push-ups in the rain and roll in wet grass to clean the blood from their bodies after beatings, Bull said .(http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9901/22/zimbabwe.01/index.html)”  The government dominates the print and broadcast media through the state run ZBC Page 22: Economy of Explosive Inflation      Hyperinflation of more than 1,000 percent, soaring unemployment and shortages of food, fuel and foreign exchange. Mugabe blames the crisis on economic sabotage by domestic and foreign enemies opposed to his policy of seizing white-owned commercial farms to give to landless blacks. GDP $25.69 Billion /Growth -7.7% 80%+ Unemployment 1 US dollar = 101,196 (2006) 4,303.28 (2005) 55.052 (2001) Page 23: Operation Murambatsvina “Clean the Filth”    http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0507/S002 36.htm Mugabe says it is to restore order, however, it targeted the lowest income areas that support the MDC 2.4 Million affected, 700,000 + homes destroyed Page 24: State of Democracy         Elections are not free and fair (nor are they free or fair). Movement by ZANU-PF for 1 party system- Institutional reforms that maintain their power Constitutional manipulation No checks and balances Rule of Law ignored- “Rule of Mugabe” supreme Human rights abuses- No rights regarded by government. MDC targeted by Mugabe and the ZANU-PF party faithful Freedom House Rating Political Rights: 7   Civil Liberties: 6 Status: Not Free Page 25: Ideas for Democracy Promotion  Financial assistance that has some requirements: 1> The UN or some other body would need actually conduct the next election. 2> The Judiciary must be respected. Rule of law in the ends approach. 3> Mugabe must be removed from power. 4> All amendments to the Constitution must be voided. Revert back to the 1 1980 Constitution. Page 26: Conclusions     HIV 25% of the population suffers, no hope in sight right now Political dominance by Mugabe has destroyed the democracy. Human rights are not protected. Mugabe has an extremely oppressive regime that has initiated torture, issued death warrants, destroyed and displaced 2.4 million, and he has worked to destroy the overall human condition in Zimbabwe. Democracy has little chance of surviving his reign. The best chance forward is an all out war where someone covertly supplies and funds the MDC. Page 27: