Page 0: Page 1: 3G Tutorial Brough Turner & Marc Orange Originally presented at Fall VON 2002 Page 2: Preface...  The authors would like to acknowledgement material contributions from:    Murtaza Amiji, NMS Communications Samuel S. May, Senior Research Analyst, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray Others as noted on specific slides  We intend ongoing improvements to this tutorial and solicit your comments at:   rbt@nmss.com and/or marc_orange@nmss.com http://www.nmscommunications.com/3Gtutorial  For the latest version go to:  www.nmscommunications.com Page 3: Outline  History and evolution of mobile radio     Brief history of cellular wireless telephony Radio technology today: TDMA, CDMA Demographics and market trends today 3G vision, 3G migration paths Based on GSM-MAP or on IS-41 today 3GPP versus 3GPP2 evolution paths 3G utilization of softswitches, VoIP and SIP Potential for convergence  Evolving network architectures     www.nmscommunications.com Page 4: Outline (continued)  Evolving services    SMS, EMS, MMS messaging Location Video and IP multimedia Is there a Killer App? What’s really happening? When?   Applications & application frameworks  Business models  Slide 4 www.nmscommunications.com Page 5: 3G Tutorial      History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models www.nmscommunications.com Page 6: First Mobile Radio Telephone 1924 Courtesy of Rich Howard www.nmscommunications.com Page 7: World Telecom Statistics 1200 1000 800 (millions) Crossover has happened May 2002 ! Landline Subs 600 400 200 Mobile Subs 0 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 www.nmscommunications.com Page 8: Cellular Mobile Telephony  Frequency modulation Antenna diversity Cellular concept    2 3 1 2 4 7 5 3 1 2 4 7 5 6 2 6 1 5 7 2 3 6 4 7 5 3 1 Bell Labs (1957 & 1960) Typically every 7 cells  Frequency reuse   Handoff as caller moves Modified CO switch   HLR, paging, handoffs Every 3 cells possible  Sectors improve reuse  www.nmscommunications.com Page 9: First Generation  Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)     US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83) 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands TIA-553 Still widely used in US and many parts of the world Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland Launched 1981; now largely retired 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900) British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe www.nmscommunications.com  Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)     Total Access Communications System (TACS)   Page 10: Second Generation — 2G       Digital systems Leverage technology to increase capacity  Speech compression; digital signal processing Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts Improve fraud prevention Add new services There are a wide diversity of 2G systems      IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan) iDEN DECT and PHS IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne) GSM www.nmscommunications.com Page 11: D-AMPS/ TDMA & PDC  Speech coded as digital bit stream   Compression plus error protection bits Aggressive compression limits voice quality 3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices Development through 1980s; bakeoff 1987      Time division multiple access (TDMA)  Deployed 1993 (PDC 1994)  IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US TIA ATT Wireless & Cingular use IS-136 today  Plan to migrate to GSM and then to W-CDMA NTT DoCoMo has largest PDC network www.nmscommunications.com PDC dominant cellular system in Japan today  Page 12: iDEN   Used by Nextel Motorola proprietary system   Time division multiple access technology Based on GSM architecture    800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum  Just below 800 MHz cellular band Digital replacement for old PMR services Special protocol supports fast “Push-to-Talk”  Nextel has highest APRU in US market due to “Direct Connect” push-to-talk service www.nmscommunications.com Page 13: DECT and PHS   Also based on time division multiple access Digital European Cordless Telephony     Focus on business use, i.e. wireless PBX Very small cells; In building propagation issues Wide bandwidth (32 kbps channels) High-quality voice and/or ISDN data Similar performance (32 kbps channels) Deployed across Japanese cities (high pop. density) 4 channel base station uses one ISDN BRI line Base stations on top of phone booths Legacy in Japan; new deployments in China today www.nmscommunications.com  Personal Handiphone Service      Page 14: North American CDMA (cdmaOne)  Code Division Multiple Access   All users share same frequency band Discussed in detail later as CDMA is basis for 3G      Qualcomm demo in 1989  Claimed improved capacity & simplified planning First deployment in Hong Kong late 1994 Major success in Korea (1M subs by 1996) Used by Verizon and Sprint in US Simplest 3G migration story today www.nmscommunications.com Page 15: cdmaOne — IS-95   TIA standard IS-95 (ANSI-95) in 1993 IS-95 deployed in the 800 MHz cellular band  J-STD-08 variant deployed in 1900 MHz US “PCS” band IS-95A provides data rates up to 14.4 kbps IS-95B provides rates up to 64 kbps (2.5G) Both A and B are compatible with J-STD-08  Evolution fixes bugs and adds data     All variants designed for TIA IS-41 core networks (ANSI 41) www.nmscommunications.com Page 16: GSM  « Groupe Special Mobile », later changed to « Global System for Mobile »   Joint European effort beginning in 1982 Focus on seamless roaming across Europe Time division multiple access (8 users per 200KHz) 900 MHz band; later extended to 1800MHz Added 1900 MHz (US PCS bands) Well defined interfaces; many competitors Network effect (Metcalfe’s law) took hold in late 1990s Tri-band GSM phone can roam the world today www.nmscommunications.com  Services launched 1991     GSM is dominant world standard today    Page 17: Distribution of GSM Subscribers   GSM is used by 70% of subscribers worldwide  564 M subs / 800 M subs in July 2001 Most GSM deployments in Europe (59%) and Asia (33%)  ATT & Cingular deploying GSM in US today Number of subscribers in the world (Jul 2001) CDMA 12% US TDMA 10% GSM 71% www.nmscommunications.com PDC 7% Source: EMC World Cellular / GSM Association Page 18: 1G — Separate Frequencies FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access 30 KHz 30 KHz 30 KHz Frequency 30 KHz 30 KHz 30 KHz 30 KHz 30 KHz www.nmscommunications.com Page 19: 2G — TDMA Time Division Multiple Access One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots 200 KHz Frequency 200 KHz 200 KHz 200 KHz Time www.nmscommunications.com Page 20: 2G & 3G — CDMA  Code Division Multiple Access Spread spectrum modulation    Originally developed for the military Resists jamming and many kinds of interference Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code  All users share same (large) block of spectrum   One for one frequency reuse Soft handoffs possible  Almost all accepted 3G radio standards are based on CDMA  CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA www.nmscommunications.com Page 21: Multi-Access Radio Techniques Courtesy of Petri Possi, UMTS World www.nmscommunications.com Page 22: Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard www.nmscommunications.com Page 23: Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard www.nmscommunications.com Page 24: Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard www.nmscommunications.com Page 25: Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard www.nmscommunications.com Page 26: 3G Vision    Universal global roaming Multimedia (voice, data & video) Increased data rates   384 kbps while moving 2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations    Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient) IP architecture Problems   No killer application for wireless data as yet Vendor-driven www.nmscommunications.com Page 27: International Standardization   ITU (International Telecommunication Union)  Radio standards and spectrum ITU’s umbrella name for 3G which stands for International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 IMT-2000   National and regional standards bodies are collaborating in 3G partnership projects  ARIB, TIA, TTA, TTC, CWTS. T1, ETSI - refer to reference slides at the end for names and links Focused on evolution of access and core networks www.nmscommunications.com  3G Partnership Projects (3GPP & 3GPP2)  Page 28: IMT-2000 Vision Includes LAN, WAN and Satellite Services Global Satellite Suburban Urban In-Building Macrocell Microcell Picocell Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal www.nmscommunications.com Page 29: IMT-2000 Radio Standards  IMT-SC* Single Carrier (UWC-136): EDGE  GSM evolution (TDMA); 200 KHz channels; sometimes called “2.75G” Evolution of IS-95 CDMA, i.e. cdmaOne New from 3GPP; UTRAN FDD New from 3GPP; UTRAN TDD New from China; TD-SCDMA  IMT-MC* Multi Carrier CDMA: CDMA2000   IMT-DS* Direct Spread CDMA: W-CDMA   IMT-TC** Time Code CDMA    IMT-FT** FDMA/TDMA (DECT legacy) ** Unpaired spectrum www.nmscommunications.com * Paired spectrum; Page 30: CDMA2000 Pros and Cons   Evolution from original Qualcomm CDMA  Now known as cdmaOne or IS-95 cdmaOne operators don’t need additional spectrum 1xEVD0 promises higher data rates than UMTS, i.e. W-CDMA Better migration story from 2G to 3G     Better spectral efficiency than W-CDMA(?)  Arguable (and argued!) cmdaOne interfaces were vendor-specific Hopefully CDMA2000 vendors will comply w/ 3GPP2 www.nmscommunications.com CDMA2000 core network less mature   Page 31: W-CDMA (UMTS) Pros and Cons  Wideband CDMA  Standard for Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS)  Committed standard for Europe and likely migration path for other GSM operators  Leverages GSM’s dominant position    Requires substantial new spectrum  5 MHz each way (symmetric) Legally mandated in Europe and elsewhere Sales of new spectrum completed in Europe  At prices that now seem exorbitant www.nmscommunications.com Page 32: TD-SCDMA      Time division duplex (TDD) Chinese development  Will be deployed in China Good match for asymmetrical traffic! Single spectral band (1.6 MHz) possible Costs relatively low    Handset smaller and may cost less Power consumption lower TDD has the highest spectrum efficiency Relatively hard to meet specifications www.nmscommunications.com  Power amplifiers must be very linear  Page 33: Migration To 3G 2.5G 2G 1G Analog Voice GSM GPRS 2.75G Intermediate Multimedia 3G Multimedia Packet Data Digital Voice W-CDMA (UMTS) EDGE 115 Kbps NMT 9.6 Kbps 384 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps TDMA TACS 9.6 Kbps GSM/ GPRS (Overlay) 115 Kbps TD-SCDMA 2 Mbps? iDEN 9.6 Kbps iDEN PDC 9.6 Kbps (Overlay) AMPS CDMA 14.4 Kbps / 64 Kbps CDMA 1xRTT PHS (IP-Based) cdma2000 1X-EV-DV 144 Kbps Over 2.4 Mbps PHS 64 Kbps 1984 - 1996+ 1992 - 2000+ 2001+ 2003+ 2003 - 2004+ Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray www.nmscommunications.com Page 34: Subscribers: GSM vs CDMA  Cost of moving from GSM to cdmaOne overrides the benefit of the CDMA migration path Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray www.nmscommunications.com Page 35: Mobile Wireless Spectrum Bands (MHz) 450 480 800 900 1500 1700 1800 1900 2100 2500 Frequencies (MHz) 450-467 478-496 824-894 880-960 1750-1870 1710-1880 1850-1990 1885-2025 & 2100-2200 2500-2690 Regions Europe Europe America Europe/APAC Japan PDC Korea Europe/APAC America Europe/APAC ITU Proposal GSM/ EDGE WCDMA CDMA2000 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x www.nmscommunications.com Page 36: Prospects for Global Roaming    Multiple vocoders (AMR, EVRC, SMV,…) Six or more spectral bands  800, 900, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2500, …? MHz GSM (TDMA), W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCMDA At least four modulation variants  The handset approach    Advanced silicon Software defined radio Improved batteries Two cycles of Moore’s law? i.e. 3 yrs? www.nmscommunications.com Page 37: 3G Tutorial      History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models www.nmscommunications.com Page 38: Evolving CN Architectures   Two widely deployed architectures today GSM-MAP — used by GSM operators  “Mobile Application Part” defines extra (SS7-based) signaling for mobility, authentication, etc.  ANSI-41 MAP — used with AMPS, TDMA & cdmaOne  TIA (ANSI) standard for “cellular radio telecommunications inter-system operation” “All IP” still being defined — many years away GAIT (GSM ANSI Interoperability Team) provides a path for interoperation today  Each evolving to common “all IP” vision   www.nmscommunications.com Page 39: Typical 2G Architecture PSDN BSC BTS BSC HLR SMS-SC MSC/VLR BSC PLMN MSC/VLR BSC BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller GMSC Tandem PSTN Tandem CO CO CO MSC — Mobile Switching Center VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register www.nmscommunications.com Page 40: Network Planes   Like PSTN, 2G mobile networks have one plane for voice circuits and another plane for signaling Some elements reside only in the signaling plane  HLR, VLR, SMS Center, … HLR MSC MSC SMS-SC VLR MSC Signaling Plane (SS7) Transport Plane (Voice) www.nmscommunications.com Page 41: Signaling in Core Network   Based on SS7  ISUP and specific Application Parts Mobility, call-handling, O&M Authentication, supplementary services SMS, … HLR: home location register has permanent data VLR: visitor location register keeps local copy for roamers GSM MAP and ANSI-41 services     Location registers for mobility management   www.nmscommunications.com Page 42: PSTN-to-Mobile Call PLMN (Visitor) PLMN (Home) PSTN Signaling over SS7 MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP) ISUP (SCP) HLR Where is the subscriber? SCP (STP) 4 Provide Roaming 3 5 Routing Info VMSC MS BSS VLR (SSP) 2 6 IAM GMSC (SSP) (STP) 1 IAM (SSP) 514 581 ... www.nmscommunications.com Page 43: GSM 2G Architecture NSS BSS Abis E PSTN A B PSTN MS BSC BTS MSC C VLR D H GMSC SS7 HLR AuC BSS — Base Station System BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller MS — Mobile Station NSS — Network Sub-System MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server GMSC — Gateway MSC GSM — Global System for Mobile communication www.nmscommunications.com Page 44: Enhancing GSM     New technology since mid-90s Global standard — most widely deployed  significant payback for enhancements Overcome fading DFCA: dynamic frequency and channel assignment  Allocate radio resources to minimize interference Also used to determine mobile’s location Frequency hopping  Synchronization between cells    TFO — Tandem Free Operation www.nmscommunications.com Page 45: TFO Concepts   Improve voice quality by disabling unneeded transcoders during mobile-to-mobile calls Operate with existing networks (BSCs, MSCs)    New TRAU negotiates TFO in-band after call setup TFO frames use LSBits of 64 Kbps circuit to carry compressed speech frames and TFO signaling MSBits still carry normal G.711 speech samples Same speech codec in each handset Digital transparency in core network (EC off!) TFO disabled upon cell handover, call transfer, inband DTMF, announcements or conferencing  Limitations    www.nmscommunications.com Page 46: TFO – Tandem Free Operation  C D No TFO : 2 unneeded transcoders in path D C GSM Coding G.711 / 64 kb C D GSM Coding D C Abis Ater A TRAU MS BTS BSC MSC PSTN* MSC TRAU BSC BTS MS  C D With TFO (established) : no in-path transcoder T F O GSM Coding [GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (2bits) + G.711 (6bits**) / 64 Kb T F O GSM Coding D C Abis MS BTS BSC Ater TRAU A PSTN* MSC MSC TRAU BSC BTS MS (*) or TDM-based core network (**) or 7 bits if Half-Rate coder is used www.nmscommunications.com Page 47: New Vocoders: AMR & SMV  AMR: Adaptive multi-rate   Defined for UMTS (W-CDMA) Being retrofitted for GSM   SMV: Selectable mode vocoder  Defined by 3GPP2 for CDMA2000 AMR 8 rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.4, 6.7, 5.9, 5.15 & 4.75bps, plus silence frames (near 0 bps) SMV 4 rates: 8.5, 4, 2 & 0.8kbps Dynamically adjust to radio interference conditions www.nmscommunications.com Many available coding rates    Lower bit rates allow more error correction  Page 48: Enhancing GSM  AMR speech coder   Trade off speech and error correction bits Fewer dropped calls  DTX — discontinuous transmission   Less interference (approach 0 bps during silences) More calls per cell 3x in overlay (cell edges); 1x reuse in underlay Aggregate channels to surpass 9.6 kbps limit ( 50k)    Overlays, with partitioned spectral reuse  HSCSD — high speed circuit-switched data  GPRS — general packet radio service www.nmscommunications.com Page 49: GPRS — 2.5G for GSM   General packet radio service  First introduction of packet technology Support higher data rates (115 kbps) Subject to channel availability Aggregate radio channels      Share aggregate channels among multiple users All new IP-based data infrastructure No changes to voice network www.nmscommunications.com Page 50: Mobile Switching Center 2.5G / 3G Adds IP Data 3G Network Layout No Changes for Voice Calls Out to another MSC or Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN) Internet (TCP/IP) IP Gateway Mobile Switching Center Network Management (HLR) Out to another MSC or Fixed Network (PSTN/ISDN) Mobile Switching Center Network Management (HLR) IP Gateway Internet (TCP/IP) - Base Station - Radio Network Controller www.nmscommunications.com Page 51: 2.5G Architectural Detail 2G MS (voice only) NSS BSS Abis E PSTN A B PSTN MS BSC BTS MSC Gs C VLR D H GMSC SS7 Gb 2G+ MS (voice & data) Gr HLR AuC Gc Gi Gn PSDN SGSN IP GGSN BSS — Base Station System BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller NSS — Network Sub-System MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server GMSC — Gateway MSC SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node GPRS — General Packet Radio Service www.nmscommunications.com Page 52: GSM Evolution for Data Access 2 Mbps UMTS 384 kbps 115 kbps GPRS EDGE 9.6 kbps GSM 1997 2000 2003 2003+ 3G GSM evolution www.nmscommunications.com Page 53: EDGE   Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution Increased data rates with GSM compatibility    Still 200 KHz bands; still TDMA 8-PSK modulation: 3 bits/symbol give 3X data rate Shorter range (more sensitive to noise/interference)  GAIT — GSM/ANSI-136 interoperability team   Allows IS-136 TDMA operators to migrate to EDGE New GSM/ EDGE radios but evolved ANSI-41 core network www.nmscommunications.com Page 54: 3G Partnership Project (3GPP)  3GPP defining migration from GSM to UMTS (W-CDMA)  Core network evolves from GSM-only to support GSM, GPRS and new W-CDMA facilities Adds 3G radios Adds softswitch/ voice gateways and packet core First IP Multimedia Services (IMS) w/ SIP & QoS “All IP” network; contents of r6 still being defined www.nmscommunications.com     3GPP Release 99  3GPP Release 4  3GPP Release 5  3GPP Release 6  Page 55: 3G rel99 Architecture (UMTS) — 3G Radios 2G MS (voice only) CN BSS Abis E PSTN A B BSC Gb PSTN MSC Gs VLR C D GMSC BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) SS7 H Gr HLR IuCS RNS ATM Iub AuC Gc IuPS Gn Gi PSDN RNC SGSN IP GGSN Node B 3G UE (voice & data) BSS — Base Station System CN — Core Network SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller RNS — Radio Network System RNC — Radio Network Controller MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server GMSC — Gateway MSC GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node UMTS — Universal Mobile Telecommunication System www.nmscommunications.com Page 56: 3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching 2G MS (voice only) CN BSS Nb CS-MGW Abis A Mc BSC CS-MGW Nc Mc B PSTN PSTN BTS Gb MSC Server C VLR D H GMSC server Gs IuCS SS7 IP/ATM Gc Gi 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS Gr ATM HLR AuC Iub IuPS Gn PSDN RNC Node B SGSN GGSN 3G UE (voice & data) BSS — Base Station System BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller RNS — Radio Network System CN — Core Network MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node RNC — Radio Network Controller GMSC — Gateway MSC www.nmscommunications.com Page 57: Transcoder Free Operation (TrFO)  Improve voice quality by avoiding unneeded transcoders  like TFO but using packet-based core network  Out-of-band negociation    Select same codec at both ends during call setup Supports sudden channel rearrangement (handovers, etc.) via signaling procedures When TrFO impossible, TFO can be attempted  e.g. transit between packet-based and circuitbased core networks www.nmscommunications.com Page 58: TrFO + TFO Example  2G handset to 3G handset: by combining TrFO and TFO, in-path transcoders can be avoided 2G PLMN MSC CS-MGW CS-MGW TRAU Radio Access Network 2G MS 3G UE Radio Access Network MSC Server 3G Packet Core Network GMSC Server C D GSM Coding (TrFO) T F O [GSM Coding + TFO Sig] (lsb) + G.711 (msb) / 64 Kb T F O GSM Coding D C www.nmscommunications.com Page 59: 3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) — IP Multimedia 2G MS (voice only) BSS CN Nb CS-MGW Abis A/IuCS Mc BSC CS-MGW Nc Mc B C VLR D H GMSC server PSTN PSTN BTS 2G+ MS (voice & data) RNS Iub Gb/IuPS MSC Server Gs SS7 IP/ATM Gc Gi IuCS ATM Gr HSS AuC IuPS Gn IP Network RNC Node B SGSN GGSN 3G UE (voice & data) IM IM — IP Multimedia sub-system IM-MGW Gs PSTN MRF — Media Resource Function CSCF — Call State Control Function MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW IP Mg MRF Mc MGCF CSCF www.nmscommunications.com Page 60: 3GPP Rel.6 Objectives      IP Multimedia Services, phase 2  IMS messaging and group management Wireless LAN interworking Speech enabled services  Distributed speech recognition (DSR) Number portability Other enhancements Scope and definition in progress  www.nmscommunications.com Page 61: 3GPP2 Defines IS-41 Evolution  3rd Generation Partnership Project “Two”   Separate organization, as 3GPP closely tied to GSM and UMTS Goal of ultimate merger (3GPP + 3GPP2) remains  Evolution of IS-41 to “all IP” more direct but not any faster  Skips ATM stage    1xRTT — IP packet support (like GPRS) 1xEVDV — adds softswitch/ voice gateways 3x — triples radio data rates www.nmscommunications.com Page 62: 2G cdmaOne (IS-95 + IS-41) IS-95 BTS A Ref (A1, A2, A5) MS BSC Proprietary Interface STM over T1/T3 BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller MS — Mobile Station MSC — Mobile Switching Center HLR — Home Location Registry SMS-SC — Short Message Service — Serving Center STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode HLR STM over T1/T3 or AAL1 over SONET BTS Ater Ref (A3, A7) PST N IS-95 A Ref (A1, A2, A5) BTS STM over T1/T3 MSC MS BSC Proprietary Interface SMSSC A5 — Full duplex bearer interface byte stream (SMS ?) A7 — Bearer interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff Management between MSC and BSC A1 — Signaling interface for call control and mobility A2 — 64 kbps bearer interface for PCM voice A3 — Signaling interface for inter-BSC mobile handoff www.nmscommunications.com Page 63: CDMA2000 1x Network HLR STM over T1/T3 or IS-2000 A Ref (A1, A2, A5) STM over T1/T3 AAL1 over SONET PST N MSC BTS MS BSC Proprietary Interface AQuarter Ref (A10, A11) IP over Ethernet/AAL5 SMSSC Internet BTS BTS — Base Transceiver Station RADIUS over UDP/IP BSC — Base Station Controller MS — Mobile Station MSC — Mobile Switching Center HLR — Home Location Registry SMS-SC — Short Message Service — Serving Center AAA STM — Synchronous Transfer Mode PDSN — Packet Data Serving Node AAA — Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN Home Agent — Mobile IP Home Agent A10 — Bearer interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data A11 — Signaling interface between BSC (PCF) and PDSN for packet data IP Router IP Firewall IP Router Home Agent Privata Data Network www.nmscommunications.com Page 64: Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN)   Establish, maintain, and terminate PPP sessions with mobile station Support simple and mobile IP services  Act as mobile IP Foreign Agent for visiting mobile station  Handle authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) for mobile station  Uses RADIUS protocol   Route packets between mobile stations and external packet data networks Collect usage data and forward to AAA server www.nmscommunications.com Page 65: AAA Server and Home Agent  AAA server    Authentication: PPP and mobile IP connections Authorization: service profile and security key distribution and management Accounting: usage data for billing  Mobile IP Home Agent   Track location of mobile IP subscribers when they move from one network to another Receive packets on behalf of the mobile node when node is attached to a foreign network and deliver packets to mobile’s current point of attachment www.nmscommunications.com Page 66: 1xEVDO — IP Data Only IS-2000 IP BTS - IP Base Transceiver Station IP BSC - IP Base Station Controller AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node Home Agent - Mobile IP Home Agent Internet IP Firewall IP BSC IP Router IP Router IS-2000 RADIUS over UDP/IP Privata Data Network AAA PDSN Home Agent www.nmscommunications.com Page 67: 1XEVDV — IP Data and Voice SIP SCTP/IP SS7 IS-2000 SIP Proxy MGCF (Softswitch) SGW P ST N H.248 (Maybe MGCP) SIP Circuit switched voice Packet switched voice MGW Internet IP Firewall PDSN + Router IP BSC IP Router SIP Proxy — Session Initiation Protocol Proxy Server MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function SGW — Signaling Gateway (SS7) MGW — Media Gateway (Voice) IS-2000 Nextgen MSC ? Privata Data Network Home Agent AAA www.nmscommunications.com Page 68: Approach for Merging 3GPP & 3GPP2 Core Network Protocols UMTS MAP ANSI-41 L3 (UMTS) L3 (UMTS) HOOKS L3 (cdma2000) EXTENSIONS L2 (UMTS) L1 (UMTS) HOOKS HOOKS EXTENSIONS EXTENSIONS www.nmscommunications.com Page 69: Gateway Location Register   Gateway between differing LR standards Introduced between VLR/SGSN and HLR   Single point for “hooks and extensions” Controls traffic between visited mobile system and home mobile system Treats GLR as roaming user’s HLR Treats GLR as VLR/SGSN at visited network Interacts with all VLRs in visited network www.nmscommunications.com    Visited network’s VLR/SGSN  Home network’s HLR  GLR physically located in visited network  Page 70: Gateway Location Register Example  Mobile Station roaming in a PLMN with a different signaling protocol GSM MAP ANSI-41 HLR Home PLMN Radio Access Network Visiting MS MSC/SGSN VLR GLR Visited PLMN www.nmscommunications.com Page 71: 3GPP / 3GPP2 Harmonization  Joint meetings address interoperability and roaming  Handsets, radio network, core network   « Hooks and Extensions » help to converge  Near term fix Leverage common specifications (esp. IETF RFCs) Align terms, interfaces and functional entities Developing Harmonization Reference Model (HRM) Target all-IP core harmonization     3GPP’s IP Mutilmedia Services and 3GPP2’s Multi-Media Domain almost aligned www.nmscommunications.com Page 72: 3G Tutorial      History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models www.nmscommunications.com Page 73: Up and Coming Mobile Services       SMS, EMS, MMS Location-based services 3G-324M Video VoIP w/o QoS; Push-to-Talk IP Multimedia Services (w/ QoS) Converged “All IP” networks — the Vision www.nmscommunications.com Page 74: Short Message Service (SMS)     Point-to-point, short, text message service Messages over signaling channel (MAP or IS-41) SMSC stores-and-forwards SMSs; delivery reports SME is any data terminal or Mobile Station SMS-GMSC E A B MS SME BTS BSC MSC VLR C SMS-IWMSC SC PSDN PC SMEs SMS — GMSC Gateway MSC SMS — IWMSC InterWorking MSC SC — Service Center SME — Short Messaging Entity HLR www.nmscommunications.com Page 75: SMS Principles  Basic services     SM MT (Mobile Terminated) SM MO (Mobile Originated) (3GPP2) SM MO can be cancelled (3GPP2) User can acknowledge  SM Service Center (3GPP) aka Message Center (3GPP2)  Relays and store-and-forwards SMSs Can be compressed (MS-to-MS) And/or segmented in several SMs www.nmscommunications.com  Payload of up to 140 bytes, but   Page 76: SMS Transport MS Delivery (MT) Report Submission (MO) Report SC   Delivery / Submission report  Optional in 3GPP2 SC informs HLR/VLR that a message could not be delivered to MS HLR informs SC that the MS is again ready to receive Usually SS7; SMSC may have IP option Messages-Waiting   Alert-SC   All messages over signaling channels  www.nmscommunications.com Page 77: EMS Principles    Enhanced Message Service Leverages SMS infrastructure Formatting attributes in payload allow:     Text formatting (alignment, font size, style, colour…) Pictures (e.g. 255x255 color) or vector-based graphics Animations Sounds 2G SMS spec had room for payload formatting 2G MS ignore special formats  Interoperable with 2G SMS mobiles   www.nmscommunications.com Page 78: MMS Principles (1)  Non-real-time, multi-media message service      Text; Speech (AMR coding) Audio (MP3, synthetic MIDI) Image, graphics (JPEG, GIF, PNG) Video (MPEG4, H.263) Will evolve with multimedia technologies WAP, HTTP, SMTP, etc. Media format conversions (JPEG to GIF) Media type conversions (fax to image) SMS (2G) terminal inter-working www.nmscommunications.com   Uses IP data path & IP protocols (not SS7)  Adapts to terminal capabilities    Page 79: MMS Principles (2)       MMs can be forwarded (w/o downloading), and may have a validity period One or multiple addressees Addressing by phone number (E.164) or email address (RFC 822) Extended reporting  submission, storage, delivery, reading, deletion Supports an MMBox, i.e. a mail box Optional support of media streaming (RTP/RTSP) www.nmscommunications.com Page 80: MMS Architecture SMTP, POP/IMAP SN SN MMS Relay / Server MAP MMS User Agent SMTP MM4 MMS User Databases External legacy servers SN (E-mail, Fax, UMS, SMSC…) MM3 MM6 MM5* PLMN UE SN SN HLR MMS Relay / Server MM1 WAP Gw (or ProxyRelay Server) PDN MM7 SOAP/HTTP SN Value-Added Services Application WSP-HTTP (*) Optional www.nmscommunications.com Page 81: Location  Driven by e911 requirements in US   FCC mandated; not yet functioning as desired Most operators are operating under “waivers”   Potential revenue from location-based services Several technical approaches    In network technologies (measurements at cell sites) Handset technologies Network-assisted handset approaches Location computation and mobile location servers   Plus additional core network infrastructure  Significant privacy issues www.nmscommunications.com Page 82: Location Technology    Cell identity: crude but available today Based on timing  TA: Timing Advance (distance from GSM BTS) TOA: Time of Arrival TDOA: Time Difference of Arrival EOTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference AOA: Angle of Arrival GPS: Global Positioning System A-GPS: Assisted GPS www.nmscommunications.com Based on timing and triangulation      Based on satellite navigation systems   Page 83: Location-Based Services      Emergency services  E911 - Enhanced 911 friend finder, directions Value-added personal services  Commercial services  coupons or offers from nearby stores Traffic & coverage measurements law enforcement locates suspect Network internal  Lawful intercept extensions  www.nmscommunications.com Page 84: Location Information     Location (in 3D), speed and direction  with timestamp Accuracy of measurement Response time  a QoS measure authorized clients secure info exchange privacy control by user and/or operator Security & Privacy    www.nmscommunications.com Page 85: US E911 Phase II Architecture PDE ESRK & voice ESRK & voice Access tandem ESRK Public Service Answering Point BSC PDE MSC Callback #, Long., Lat. ESRK SN PDE PDE Callback #, SN Long., Lat. SN MPC ALI DB PDE — Position Determining Entity MPC — Mobile Positioning Center ESRK — Emergency Service Routing Key ALI DB — Automatic Location Identification Data Base www.nmscommunications.com Page 86: 3GPP Location Infrastructure    UE (User Entity)  May assist in position calculation distributed among cells LMU (Location Measurement Unit)  SMLC (Serving Mobile Location Center)  Standalone equipment (2G) or integrated into BSC (2G) or RNC (3G)  Leverages normal infrastructure for transport and resource management www.nmscommunications.com Page 87: LCS Architecture (3GPP) LCS signaling (LLP) LCS signaling (RRLP) over RR-RRC/BSSAP over RR/BSSAP LCS signaling in BSSAP-LE SN LCS signaling over MAP LMU (Type A) SMLC LMU (Type B) Abis Lb GMLC Lr Ls Lg Abis BTS BSC A Gb MSC Gs Iu VLR Lh Le SN HLR Lg CN GMLC (LCS Server) LCS Client UE Iub SMLC RNC SGSN LMU Node B (LMU type B) LMU — Location Measurement Unit SMLC — Serving Mobile Location Center LCS signaling over RANAP GMLC — Gateway Mobile Location Center www.nmscommunications.com Page 88: Location Request  MLP — Mobile Location Protocol    From Location Interop Forum Based on HTTP/SSL/XML Allows Internet clients to request location services   GMLC is the Location Server Interrogates HLR to find visited MSC/SGSN   Roaming user can be located UE can be idle, but not off !  Immediate or deferred result www.nmscommunications.com Page 89: 3G-324M Video Services  Initial mobile video service uses 3G data bandwidth w/o IP multimedia infrastructure  Deployed by DoCoMo in Japan today  Leverage high speed circuit-switch data path    64 kbps H.324 video structure MPEG 4 video coding AMR audio coding  Supports video clips, video streaming and live video conversations   MS to MS MS to Internet or ISDN with gateways www.nmscommunications.com Page 90: Common Technology Platform for 3G-324M Services Node B RNC Iu-cs MSC UTRAN 3G-324M Mobile Support for H.323 calls & streaming media 3G-324M UMTS Core Network Multi-Media GW H.323 H.248 or RAS IP Network RTP H.323 terminal Streaming/Mail media server Soft Switch or Gate Keeper www.nmscommunications.com Page 91: Gateway: 3G-324M to MPEG4 over RTP 64 kbps circuit-switch data over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network to 3G-324M video handset Parallel RTP streams over IP network to video server Gateway application / OA&M PSTN I/F Audio/ video/ control multiplex H.223 Control stacks ISDN call setup | H.323 or SIP H.245 negotiation | over TCP Video repacking of H.263 frames Audio vocoder AMR — G.711 Packet stream jitter buffering RTP RTSP UDP/IP stacks IP I/F Slide 91 www.nmscommunications.com Page 92: Video Messaging System for 3G-324M 64 kbps circuit-switch data over PSTN/ 2.5G/ 3G network to 3G-324M video handset Video mail application script MP4 files for messages and prompts PSTN I/F Audio/ video/ control multiplex H.223 Control stacks ISDN call setup H.245 negotiation Audio/video sync and stream control Video buffering of H.263 frames Audio buffering of AMR frames Slide 92 www.nmscommunications.com Page 93: Push-toTalk  VoIP before QoS is Available Nextel’s “Direct Connect” service credited with getting them 20-25% extra ARPU   Based on totally proprietary iDEN Other carriers extremely jealous Short delays OK Always on IP isn’t always on; radio connection suspended if unused; 2-3 seconds to re-establish   Push-to-talk is half duplex  Issues remain   Sprint has announced they will be offering a push-to-talk service on their 1xRTT network www.nmscommunications.com Page 94: « All IP» Services   IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) — 3GPP Multi-Media Domain (MMD) — 3GPP2  Voice and video over IP with quality of service guarantees  Obsoletes circuit-switched voice equipment  Target for converging the two disparate core network architectures www.nmscommunications.com Page 95: IMS / MMD Services       Presence Location Instant Messaging (voice+video) Conferencing Media Streaming / Annoucements Multi-player gaming with voice channel www.nmscommunications.com Page 96: 3G QoS    Substantial new requirements on the radio access network Traffic classes  Conversational, streaming, interactive, background Ability to specify       Traffic handling priority Allocation/retention priority Error rates (bits and/ or SDUs) Transfer delay Data rates (maximum and guaranteed) Deliver in order (Y/N) www.nmscommunications.com Page 97: IMS Concepts (1)  Core network based on Internet concepts   Independent of circuit-switched networks Packet-switched transport for signaling and bearer traffic UTRAN — 3G (W-CDMA) radio network GERAN — GSM evolved radio network  Utilize existing radio infrastructure    Utilize evolving handsets www.nmscommunications.com Page 98: IMS Architecture Media Server Application Server Internet Gi Mb ISC Gi/Mb Mb SIP phone PS UE SGSN Gm HSS IM-MGW GGSN Go Cx MRF Mp Mb Mb TDM ISUP IMS Mw Mg PSTN Mn MGCF P-CSCF CSCF CPE Signaling CSCF — Call Session Control Function IM-MGW — IM-Media Gateway MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function MRF — Media Resource Function SIP www.nmscommunications.com Page 99: IMS Concepts (2)  In Rel.5, services controlled in home network (by S-CSCF)  But executed anywhere (home, visited or external network) and delivered anywhere Service execution Service control S-CSCF ISC Gm ISC ISC Application Server Internet Media Server PS UE P-CSCF Mw Home IMS Application Servers Visited IMS SIP phone Gm PS UE P-CSCF www.nmscommunications.com Page 100: MMD Architecture — Databases AAA 3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain Internet Mobile IP Home Agent MS Access Gateway Border Router Core QoS Manager SIP phone Packet Core Integrated in P-CSCF MGW MRF MRFC MRFP TDM ISUP MMD Signaling PSTN MGCF AAA — Authentication, Authorization & Accounting MGW — Media Gateway MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function MRFC — Media Resource Function Controller MRFP — Media Resource Function Processor Session Control Manager CPE IM-MGW + MGCF P-SCM = P-CSCF I-SCM = I-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping S-SCM = S-CSCF L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions www.nmscommunications.com Page 101: 3G Tutorial      History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models www.nmscommunications.com Page 102: Killer Applications  Community and Identity most important   Postal mail, telephony, email, instant messaging, SMS, chat groups — community Designer clothing, ring tones — identity The web, TV, movies   Information and Entertainment also  Content important, but content is not king!    Movies $63B (worldwide) (1997) Phone service $256B (US only) See work by Andrew Odlyzko; here: http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~odlyzko/doc/recent.html www.nmscommunications.com Page 103: 2.5G & 3G Application Issues    No new killer apps  Many potential niche applications “All IP” mobile networks years away Voice and data networks disparate  Existing infrastructure “silo” based   Separate platforms for voice mail, pre-paid, Deploying innovative services difficult Poor match for application-based services  Billing models lag  www.nmscommunications.com Page 104: Multimodal Services and Multi-Application Platforms  Combined voice and data applications    Today, without “all IP” infrastructure Text messaging plus speech recognition-enabled voice services Evolve from as new services become available  Multi-application platform    Integrate TDM voice and IP data Support multiple applications Flexible billing and provisioning www.nmscommunications.com Page 105: Sample Multimodal Applications  Travel information   Make request via voice Receive response in text Make request via voice Receive initial response in text Get updates while traveling via voice or SMS or rich graphics Record message via voice or text Deliver message via voice, SMS, WAP, or email  Directions     One-to-many messaging   www.nmscommunications.com Page 106: More Multimodal Examples  Purchasing famous person’s voice for your personal answering message    Text or voice menus Voice to hear message Voice or text to select (and authorize payment) While listening to a voice message from a customer, obtain a text display of recent customer activity SMS and voice alert Voice conference, and text updates, while traveling to site of emergency  Unified communications   Emergency response team   www.nmscommunications.com Page 107: Early Deployments  Cricket matches (Hutchinson India)   SMS alert at start of coverage Live voice coverage or text updates  Information delivery (SFR France)   SMS broadcast with phone # & URL Choice of text display or voice (text-to-speech) Adding voice menus to existing text-based service Voice flattens menus, eases access  Yellow pages (Platinet Israel)   www.nmscommunications.com Page 108: Multimodal Applications in the Evolving Wireless Network 2.5G Wireless Network PSTN TDM Interface (voice) MSC BSC NMS HearSay Solution Profile Mgmt Application/ Document Server SS7 SMSC MMSC IP Interface (data) Internet / Core Network Speech Server OAM&P Data Base SGSN CGSN Media Server Message Gateway Presence and Location SIP Instant Messaging / Presence Location 3G MSC Server Voice or Data Wireless Control Packet Interface (voice/video) H.248 Core (Packet) Network 3G MSC Gateway RNC 3G Wireless Network www.nmscommunications.com Page 109: 3G Tutorial      History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Evolving Network Architectures Evolving Services Applications Business Models www.nmscommunications.com Page 110: Upgrade Cost, By Technology 2G 2.5G / 2.75G Software/Hardware Cost GSM CDMA TDMA GPRS Software-based Incremental W-CDMA Hardware-based Substantial CDMA 1x Hardware-based Substantial cdma2000 Software-based Incremental GSM/GPRS/EDGE Hardware and software Middle of the road W-CDMA Hardware-based Middle of the road 3G Software/Hardware Cost     CDMA upgrade to 2.75G is expensive; to 3G is cheap GSM upgrade to 2.5G is cheap; to 3G is expensive TDMA upgrade to 2.5G/3G is complex Takeaway: AT&T and Cingular have a difficult road to 3G www.nmscommunications.com Page 111: 2.5G & 3G Uptake www.nmscommunications.com Page 112: 3G Spectrum Expensive www.nmscommunications.com Page 113: GPRS (2.5G) Less Risky   Only $15k~$20k per base station Allows operators to experiment with data plans … But falls short because:  Typically 30~50 kbps  GPRS decreases voice capacity www.nmscommunications.com Page 114: EDGE Cheaper and Gives Near-3G Performance Modem GSM/TDMA Analog Modem GPRS ISDN CDMA 1x EDGE DSL W-CDMA Cable Technology 2G Wireless Fixed Line Dial-up 2.5G Wireless Fixed Line Digital 2.75G Wireless 2.75G Wireless Fixed Line DSL 3G Wireless Fixed Line Cable Throughput <9.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps 30-40 Kbps 128 Kbps 144 Kbps 150 - 200 Kbps 0.7 - 1.5 Mbps 1.0 Mbps 1.0 - 2.0 Mbps 1 MB File Download Speed ~20 min 16 min 4.5 min 1.1 min 50 sec 36 to 47 sec 1 to 3 sec 1.5 sec 0.8 to 1.5 sec    EDGE is 2.75G, with significantly higher data rates than GPRS Deploying EDGE significantly cheaper than deploying W-CDMA Takeaway: Look for EDGE to gain traction in 2002/2003+ www.nmscommunications.com Page 115: Long Life for 2.5G & 2.75G “We believe the shelf life of 2.5G and 2.75G will be significantly longer than most pundits have predicted. Operators need to gain valuable experience in how to market packet data services before pushing forward with the construction of new 3G networks.“  Sam May, US Bancorp Piper Jaffray    Operators need to learn how to make money with data Likely to stay many years with GPRS/EDGE/CDMA 1x Bottom line: wide-scale 3G will be pushed out www.nmscommunications.com Page 116: Critical For 3G — Continued Growth In China Likely 3G licensing outcomes:  China Unicom — cdma2000  China Mobile — W-CDMA  China Telecom — W-CDMA/ TD-SCDMA?  China Netcom — W-CDMA/ TD-SCDMA? Risk:  CDMA IS-95 (2G) has been slow to launch in China  Why would the launch of 3G be any different?  PHS (2G) with China Telecom/Netcom is gaining momentum www.nmscommunications.com Page 117: Business Models  Walled Garden or Wide Open? US and European carriers want to capture the value — be more than just transport  Cautious partnering; Slow roll out of services   DoCoMo I-Mode service primitive  Small screens, slow (9.6 kbps) data rate Free development software No access restrictions DoCoMo’s “bill-on-behalf” available for 9% share 55,000 applications, 30M subscribers ! www.nmscommunications.com I-Mode business model wide open     I-Mode big success in less than 24 months  Page 118: DoCoMo Has The Right Model When will the others wake up? www.nmscommunications.com Page 119: Biggest Threat to Today’s 3G — Wireless LANs  Faster than 3G  11 or 56 Mbps vs. <2 Mbps for 3G when stationary With the added convenience of mobile Same user interface (doesn’t rely on small screens) Same programs, files, applications, Websites.  Data experience matches the Internet      Low cost, low barriers to entry Organizations can build own networks  Like the Internet, will grow virally   Opportunity for entrepreneurs! Opportunity for wireless operators? www.nmscommunications.com Page 120: N M S COMMU NI CA TI ON S brough_turner@nmss.com marc_orange@nmss.com www.nmss.com Page 121: Additional Reference Material www.nmscommunications.com Page 122: Mobile Standard Organizations Mobile Operators ITU Members ITU GSM, W-CDMA, UMTS Third Generation Patnership Project (3GPP) IS-95), IS-41, IS2000, IS-835 CWTS (China) Third Generation Partnership Project II (3GPP2) ARIB (Japan) TTC (Japan) TTA (Korea) ETSI (Europe) T1 (USA) TIA (USA) www.nmscommunications.com Page 123: Partnership Project and Forums   ITU IMT-2000 http://www.itu.int/imt2000 Mobile Partnership Projects   3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org 3G All IP Forum: http://www.3gip.org IPv6 Forum: http://www.ipv6forum.com Mobile Wireless Internet Forum: http://www.mwif.org UMTS Forum: http://www.umts-forum.org GSM Forum: http://www.gsmworld.org Universal Wireless Communication: http://www.uwcc.org Global Mobile Supplier: http://www.gsacom.com www.nmscommunications.com  Mobile Technical Forums    Mobile Marketing Forums      Page 124: Mobile Standards Organizations  European Technical Standard Institute (Europe):  http://www.etsi.org http://www.tiaonline.org http://www.t1.org http://www.cwts.org http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/ http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/index.html http://www.tta.or.kr/english/e_index.htm www.nmscommunications.com  Telecommunication Industry Association (USA):   Standard Committee T1 (USA):   China Wireless Telecommunication Standard (China):   The Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan):   The Telecommunication Technology Committee (Japan):   The Telecommunication Technology Association (Korea):  Page 125: Location-Related Organizations  LIF, Location Interoperability Forum    http://www.locationforum.org/ Responsible for Mobile Location Protocol (MLP) Now part of Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) http://www.openmobilealliance.org/ Consolidates Open Mobile Architecture, WAP Forum, LIF, SyncML, MMS Interoperability Group, Wireless Village http://www.opengis.org/ Focus on standards for spatial and location information http://www.wliaonline.com  OMA, Open Mobile Alliance    Open GIS Consortium    WLIA, Wireless Location Industry Association  www.nmscommunications.com Page 126: N M S COMMU NI CA TI ON S brough_turner@nmss.com marc_orange@nmss.com www.nmss.com Page 127: