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Page 1: Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf
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1 æ pmwnf;tzGJ@tpD&ifcHpm 2 æ tedrfhqHk;bHkvkyfief;pOf 6 æ rSefuefwJhvrf;pOf 11 æ tar&duef w±kwf yg0gaysmhvGefyGJ 13 æ G20 xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; 16 æ plygyg0gusqHk;yHk 19 æ =um;aeowJhvm;
w&m;0ifr_eJ@vufOD;r_ æ 21 vDeif&J@ 140 ajrmufarG;ESpf æ 23 awmiftmz&du±_a'gifhrS æ 29 oD;xGufnHhcJhwJh ta&mifawmfvSefa&;rsm; æ 38 aowrf;pmeJ@ a=unmcsuf æ 43 2007 pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf; æ 48
trSwf ( 32) pufwifbm/ 2010 ckESpf?
Page 2: Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dkpnf;@Hk;a&;aumfrwD.tmabmf
*sme,f
trSwf ( 32) pufwifbm/ 2010 ckESpf?
Arm_ynfuGef_rLepfygwD A[dk0g'_zefhcsda&;Xmeu xkwfa0onf
Page 3: trSwf ( 32)
65 ESpfjynfh
(1945 pufwifbm - 2010 pufwifbm)
pmwnf;tzGJ@.tpD&ifcHpm
Ediiwumhtajctae ajymif;aewmxuf kfH jynfwi;f tajctae ajymif;aewmu yd+k yD;vsijf refygonf/ etz G ppftypu }uD;rª;}uD;=uyf OD;aqmif+yD;vkyr,fh ‘a&G;aumufy’ k f k f JG qdwm}uD;uvnf; vmawmhrmyg? 'ga=umifh tJ'upe@J ywfoufwhJ k S h D d P Auy &J@ oabmxm;tjrifawGuvnf; azmfjyxm;ygonf? kd
jynfo@l tm%m pwifxupOfu jynfwi;f tajctaeeJ@ G f G ,ae@jynfwi;f tajctae rwlyg? xd@k twl Ediiwumh G kfH tajctaecsi;f vnf; rwlyg? tJ'gawGukd aqmif;yg;rsm;eJ@ azmfjyxm;ygonf?
jynfo@l tm%m (65) ESpf jynfajrmufjcif;udk txdr;f trSwðf ywJh h taeeJ@ 'Dtywfrm jynfo@l tm%m 65 ESpf c&D;eJ@ S ywfoufwmawGukd OD;pm;ay;xm;ygonf?
pmwnf;tzGJ@
1
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Page 4: tedrfhqHk;bHkvkyfief;pOf
(Minimum Common
Programme)
(Auy wifjyonf)
a&S@OD;pum; (1) tm;vH;k eJ@ tajytvnfaqG;aEG;zd@k / !‡Ei;f zd@k wifjywm jzpfygw,f? aqG;aEG;!‡Ei;f &mrSmvnf; (2) zG@J csi;f wd;k wd;k d _d d d_ wdwwwyJ vkycsiygw,f? ppfra&mufcif jrm;ukerm pd;k vd@k yg? u|eawmfw@kd &ifqiae&wJh ppftm%m&Sirsm;u f d f f f f S f kd f f xdi=f unfaerSm r[kwygb;l ? tvGe^m%feD ^m%feufrsm; aumufuspygw,f? k h f f f aqG;aEG;!‡Ei;f wmudk tcse,&rSmyg? pdw&n&rSmyg? d d_ d f l f S f a&G;aumufyoydwarSmufwm[m ‘2008 tajccHOya' wduzsua&;’wduypOf}uD;&J@ yxrqH;k ajcvSr;f JG f k f f k f JG om jzpfygw,f? oydwf arSmuf±e@J tJ'D ‘tajccHOya'’ ysuom;rSm r[kwyg? kH f G f ‘a&G;aumufy’ +yD;vd@k yxrqH;k ‘v$wawmf’ tpnf;ta0;ac:wJae@rm ‘tajccHOya'’ touf0ifrmyg? JG f h S S a&G;aumufyJG &v'fuvnf; b,fvjkd zpfr,fqwmudk tckuwnf;u odomygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipepfukd rsKd ;aph kd f csco/l usio;kH cJo/l qufvuf usio;kH vdorsm;&J@ “yGawmf}uD;” yJ jzpfrmyg? (Ediia&;u vH;k 0tem;,lom;+yD hJ hf h hf k l J S kfH G qdwhJ Advatmif}uD;uawmif yGxuvmwmudyJ =unfyg?) k k f J G f k h ‘tdrapmifacwf’ ‘awmfvea&;aumifpe@J rqv acwf’ ‘e0w - etz acwf’ wd@k rm wGius,coawG f h S f D S f f hJ l tm;vH;k (tm;vH;k ) [m tckq&if woHwnf; xGuae=uyg+yD? a&G;aumufyaxmufca&;udk ajymae=uyg+yD? kd f JG H u|efawmfwdk@bufu tckrS cwfuGif;jyifae&qJyJ? (MCP) wck&zdk@ óu;pm;ae&qJyJ? u|efawmfwdk@ wmxGuaemufusygw,f? rwwfEiyg? (88) tHºk ur_}uD;&J@ t&Set[keukd rdrw@kd xde;f rxm;Ediv@kd 'Dvkd jzpf&wmyg? f kd f df f d kf (MCP) !‡Ei;a&;udawmif tawmf}uD; vky=f u&rSmvd@k ,lqygw,f? tcuftcJ/ taESmift,Su/f twm;tqD; d _d f k h awGukd ausmjf zwf&ygvrr,f? 'ga=umifh ‘2 zG@J csi;f wd;k wd;k wdwww’ vkyenf;udk a&G;cs,&wm jzpfygw,f? d hf f d f f f Ediiwumhtajctaeuvnf; rdrw@kd ukd tcGiomapwm r[kwyg? ‘rqv tajccHOya' wduzsua&;’ kfH d hf f k f f umvueJ@ tckumv rwlawmhyg? 'ga=umifh ‘2008 tajccHOya' wduzsua&;’ udk ud,tm;ud,u;kd vH;k yef; k f f k hf k f =u&awmhrm jzpfygw,f? ‘jynfo@l tiftm; wnfaqmufa&;’ udk ZGe@J vky=f u&rSmyg? (MCP) udk rdrw@kd bmom S J d xkqpf=u&rSmyg? *syefzufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvu ‘jynfwGif; jynfytajctaersdK;’ r[kwfvdk@vnf; (MCP) u pae&wmyg? [dwe;f uawmh trsKd ;om;nD!wa&; National Unity (NU) udk tcsewtwGi;f wnfaqmuf k k G f d f kd Ediayr,fh tckawmh (NU) txd wufvr;f zd@k tedrq;kH u p&wmyg? kf S hf (NU) &SdrSyJ ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk t+yD;tydkif wdkufzsufEdkifrSmyg? (MCP) u NU &&Sdzdk@ yxrqHk;pwJh ajcvSr;f yJ jzpfygw,f?
MCP eJ@ywfouf+yD; tcdkiftrm tqdkðycsufrsm;
(1) jynfol@tiftm;People Power (PP) pkaqmif;a&;udk &nfrSef;csufxm;&ygr,f? PP pkaqmif;a&;rSm oef&moef&mudk wm0ef,+l yD; vky=f uzd@k jzpfw,f? wzG@J wygwwnf;u vkyief;tm;vH;k udk vkyEirm r[kwygb;l ? D f f kd f S f 2
Page 5: _ynfolhtm%m
- Oyrmqdygawmh ‘ppftm%m&Sipepf’ &J@ ausm±d;k / ppftyp&@J wvufuif ‘wyfrawmf’ udk k f k f k kd ðyjyifr_ Reform vkyfvdkwJh wyfrª;t=uyfwyfom;rsm;udk pnf;±Hk;zdk@qdk&if ‘wyfrawmf’ eJ@ eD;pyforsm;uyJ vkyEiygw,f? Auy rvkyf Edib;l ? vuf&wyfrawmfrm BIA - BDA - PBF l f kd f kf dS S rsKd ;qufawG r&Sawmhb;l ? tck wyfrawmfxrm&SwoawGu Auy eJ@ olaoud,ao wduc=hJ u d J S d hJ l k f k f olawGcsn;f jzpfw,f? Auy u vky&if olw@kd ukd òzcGwmyJv@kd xif=ur,f? 'Dtvkyf Reform f J the Army (RAM) udk vkyEiwmu vuf&wyfrawmfe@J teD;pyfq;jzpfwhJ tzG@J tpnf;awGyJ f kd f dS kH vkyEiw,f? NLD qd&if vkyEiw,f? rsKd ;cspppfonfawmfrsm;vnf; vkyEiw,f? Auy u f kd f k f kd f f f kd f ulnwtcef;uyJ ygEivrr,f? D hJ kd f d hf - vlxvwef;pm;toD;oD;&J@ or*~rsm;/ tzG@J tpnf;rsm; azmfxwa&;qd&ifawmh vkyEiwhJ k l k f k f kd f tzG@J tpnf; rsm;w,f? olw@kd u t"duvky&rSmyJ? f or*~tzG@J tpnf;awGukd ajAmifvyEirm r[kw? ajratmufvyief; ,l§*sD u p&rSmyJ? 'gq&if Auy k f kd f S f k f kd vkyEiw,f? Auy u ‘,l§*sD 0g&if’ yJ? (,l§*sD tawG@tñuHrsm;wmudk ajymwmyg?) f kd f h or*~tzG@J tpnf;awGu vlxwuyJG PP t&Se&vm&if ajAmifxu&yf=u&rSm jzpfw,f? tJ'tcgrm k kd f d f G f D S ,l§*sD u (OG) ajray: wufvu±y? (88) tHºk ur_we;f u 'DtawG@tñuH &Sxm;+yD;om;yg? tajctaeay;vm&if/ kd f kH J k d tcseusvm&if ajAmifxu+f yD; &yf=u&rSmyg? d f G (2) pHðy&r,fh wdkufyGJenf;em? pHðy&rSmu ‘1946 pufwifbmtHºk ur_’ jzpfygw,f? 1946 pufwifbmtHºk ur_&@J tm;omcsuawGu f trsKd ;om;nD!wa&; (NU) ‘zqyv’ tzG@J csKyf &SaewmyJ? G f d zqyv tzG@J csKyf&@J trde@f ukd emcHr,fh vufeufuixm;wJh wyf&if;wcsKd @e@J vufeufuirxm;ayr,fh kd f kd f ppftawG@tñuH&whJ ‘jynfo@l &abmf’ wyfz@JG awG &Saewm jzpfw,f? dS J d tr_xrf;aygif;pHkor*~awG/ rD;&xm;/ oabFm/ pmwdkufa=u;eef;/ ykvdyfawG&J@ oydwfawG &SdaewmyJ? (taxGaxGoydwf oydwwyfaygi;f pk}uD; &SaewmyJ?) f d csKyf+yD;ajym&if oydwpoyexEdiwpr;f tm; &Saew,f? (88 tHºk ur_rm tJ'gawG r&Scb;l ?) f kH l k f k f h J G d S d hJ tJ'vkd zqyv rSm pGr;f tm;&Saevd@k yJ zqyv &J@ pnf;urf;csue@J bk&ifcu tav#may; aphpyfvm&wmyg? D d f H h (a'guwmarmifarmifuqd&if ol@pnf;urf;csue@J txufp;D u aphpyfcsiwmyJ?) f k f f ñuHv@kd a&;ygO;D r,f? tckwavmrSm ‘armifarmifac:wke;f u Asmrxl;aumif;vm;’ vd@k a&;wmawG@&w,f? a'guwmarmifarmifu a&S@uxGu+f yD; ‘taysmq’ qGaecserm ae0if;ppftypu ‘rsKd ;qufopf ppftyp’ udk f h JG J d f S k f k k f k tm%modr;f yGtwk vkyci;f zd@k }udw+f yD; jyifqifaew,fqwmudk olw@kd rod=uvd@k a&;wm jzpfvrr,f? tJ'we;f u J f kd kd d hf D k ‘ppftycsKyfa&;’ ±kyor;f xm;+yD; wyfawGukd pkpnf;xm;w,f? ‘tm%modr;f yGtwk’ wckvyz@kd jyifaew,f? 'gukd k f f d J k f twGi;f odawGwcsKd @a&;wm (tck) &Saeygw,f? olw@kd tckwavm wifaewJh website rSm awG@Eiygw,f? d kd f
3
Page 6: _ynfolhtm%m
(3) MCP &J@ t"duwm0ef? ta[mif;udk òz+yD;&if tpm;xdk;zdk@yJ? tm%mtzGJ@tpnf;wck tqifoifh&Sdaezdk@ jyifqifa&;yJ? 88 wke;f ueJ@ rwlwhJ tcGiomcsuf rdrw@kd rm &Sw,f? hf d S d tJ'gu ‘90 a&G;aumufy’ rSm jynfou tyfEi;f wJh tcGitm%m (mandate) &xm;wJh NLD/CRPP JG l S hf &Saewm jzpfw,f? d 88 wke;f uvdk ta[mif;u oGusQ myg'vduaecsermusrS tpm;xd;k p&m zkwyr;D wduf &Smae&wJtjzpfrsKd ; k f d f S f l k h tckjzpfp&m r&Sb;l ? NLD/CRPP u ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ wm0ef 0if,vu±y? d l kd f kH J oifawmfwumvrSm tcGitm%mtopf (mandate topf) &&Sz@kd vGwvyf/ r#w/ yGivif;/ tm;vH;k h hJ hf d f hf yg0ifcGifh&wJh ‘taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ’ vkyfay;r,fvdk@ ‘,m,Dtpdk;&’ u uwday;&r,f? a&G;aumufyGJ w&m;r#wa=umif;udk jynfwi;f jynfyu jrifawG@ap&r,f? G oifawmfwumvvd@k a&;&wmu ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ rSm vkyp&mawG rsm;vd@k yg? h hJ f rw&m;oif;a=unmcHxm;&wJh ygwDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk (olwdk@vdkvm;w,fqdk&if) 'Drdkua&pD tcGita&; jyefay;&OD;r,f? 'Dtvkyu vuf0ifvrr,f? hf f d hf vufeufuiwuyJG wduaeolawGukd ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ u ppf&yfpay;xm;+y;D aphpyfaqG;aEG;&r,f? kd f kd f k f J 'gvnf; jrefjrefjzpfrm r[kwb;l ? S f ppf&yfpxm;+yD; vufeufuixm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;awGe@J aphpyfaqG;aEG;&OD;r,f? BGF ajz&Si;f enf; J kd f u tvkyrjzpfb;l qdwm &Si;f w,f? f k ppfppfreref ‘jynfwi;f ppf&yfpa&;’ &zd@k vky&OD;r,f? S f S G J f 'DtvkyfawG vkyfzdk@u ‘aoewftay: trdef@ay;EdkfifwJhtm%m’ &SdaerS jzpfr,f? AdkvfcsKyf atmifqef;vdk ppfwyftay: =oZm&Saezd@k vdw,f? d k vkyp&mawG rsm;ygw,f? tJ'vyp&mawG+yD;rS a&G;aumufyJG vkyEirmyg? f D k f f kd f S ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ &J@ EdiijH cm;a&;ay:vpDupuawmh MCP rSm ra&;awmhygb;l ? ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ vkyr,fh kf d P kd f NLD/CRPP udyJ wm0efvay;xm;&rSmyJ? k J$ ‘,m,Dtpd;k &’ udk b,foawGe@J zG@J rvJqwmudk NLD/CRPP uyJ pOf;pm;&rSmyg? 'Dupu ta&;}uD; l kd d P ygw,f? wyfrawmfudk ðyjyifvdkwJh (RAM) tiftm;pkrsm;udk tm%mtodkuft0ef;rSm ae&may;&vdrfhr,f? ‘tm%ma[mif;’ u +idraerSm r[kwb;l qdwmudk owdðy&vdrr,f? aoewfukd trde@f ay;Ediwtm%m ‘,m,D f f k hf k f hJ tpd;k &’ rSm&Sz@kd ta&;}uD;w,f? ta&;t}uD;qH;k vd@k awmif ajymEdiw,f? NLD/CRPP u ppftm%m&Sipepf&@J d kf f 4
Page 7: _ynfolhtm%m
yifrjzpfwhJ ppftkyfpke@J ‘aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;’ [m u|yg;apmif;wD; jzpfrSmyJ? J aqG;aEG;buf’ jzpfEiw,f? kd f
(RAM)
tiftm;pkomv#if ‘aphpyf
(4) ‘,m,Dtpdk;&’ u tvkyform;/ awmifolv,form;/ ausmif;om;/ òr@aeqif;&JtvwfeJ@ wdkif;&if;om; t&if;&Sirsm;/ pmay tEkynm&Sirsm;&J@ ‘jynfv;kH u|wE;DS aESmzvS,y’ awG olw@kd bmom vGwvwvyfvyf aqG;aEG; f f f f JG f G f - qH;k jzwfEiz@kd uln&r,f? ‘awmfvea&; aumifp’ &J@ ‘ES;D aESmyG’ rsKd ;vkyv@kd rjzpfygb;l ? kd f D S f D J f um,uH&iawGu olw@kd bmvkcsiw,fqwmudk yGiyivif;vif; &J&wif;wif; ajymEdiapzd@k yJ vrf;zGihf Sf d f kd hf G hf J kf ay;&ygr,f? tpd;k &tm%meJ@0if+yD; vrf;!ïewm rvkyz@kd vdygw,f? 'Drua&pDukd zGiay;wJh wm0efyJ ,l&ygr,f? f f k kd hf aiGa&;a=u;a&;wm0efvnf; ,l&rSmygy? J
ed*Hk;pum; tedrq;kH vd@k ,lqwmeJ@ tm;vH;k vufcEiaumif;&J@q+kd yD; a&;wmyg? wdatmifvnf; a&;ygw,f? hf H kd f k vdw;kd ydav#mvyz@kd tqifoifyg? k k h k f h ‘MCP’ tqdðk ycsuua&;wJh ta=umif;&if;u ‘tm%mjy\em’ udk rajz&Si;f bJ wjcm;jy\emawGukd f kd ajz&Si;f &if ppftm%m&Sipepfu ±kyajymif;±kyvvy+f y;D wnf&aerSmyJqwmudk wifjycsiv@kd yJ jzpfw,f? 'Duprmawmh f lf f J$ k dS kd f dPS ‘Auy’ u pG+J rJpm &yfwnfygw,f? G u ‘2010 a&G;aumufy’ vGeumvrSmusrS vky&rSm jzpfw,f? ‘a&G;aumufy’u ‘tjzpfreukd JG f f JG S f jyvdrr,f? tjrifreukd &=uapvdrr,f’ vd@k Auy u ,H=k unfygw,f? hf S f hf
MCP MCP u b,fo@l urS 0di;y,frxm;yg? wyfrawmfuyif 0di;y,frxm;yg? wu,fusawmh ‘wyfrawmf’ kd k f kd k f
u ppftypk vufuiwwf jzpfaewm =umyg+yD? wkwcsuwi;f uvnf; Auy ausmay: usygw,f? 'gayrJh (RAM) k f kd f k f f kd udk 0di;f ry,fbJ tm%mtodi;f t0ef;xJ ygapzd@k a&S@aevduay;cJygw,f? k k k f h 'Davmufygy? J
Auy (A[d) k (18 - 8 - 2010)
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(1) vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyumvu rdrdwdk@wGif a,bk,s GJ vrf;!ïefcsuf &Sdonf? vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ qdk&S,fvpfa&;[k &Sdonf? a,bk,svrf;a=umif;udk jyxm;wm jzpfonf? vrf;a=umif;rSeftwdkif; rwdrf; rapmif;vrf;!ïefzdk@usawmh rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfeJ@ acgif; aqmifr_ vdonf? a,bk,se@J r&? cdirmwduswvrf;pOf k kf hJ vd k o nf ? vrf ; pOf u d k rS e f u ef p G m taumif t xnf azmfrnfacgi;f aqmif vdonf? 'D (2) ck r&SbJ atmifyJG h k d r&Edkif? 'D (2) ckuvnf; rd;k ay:u usvmrSm r[kw? f rdrw@kd yJ tm;xkw&rnf? d f (2) rSeuefwvrf;pOf tajccHtm;jzifh &Scojzifh 1948 f hJ d hJ u vGwfvyfa&;&onf? 'Dxufydk+yD; &oifhonf? 'D avmufe@J auseyfoif+h yDqwhJ tjiif;tcHawmh &Sonf? kd k d od@k aomf &efbufjzpfavmufwtqiftxd ra&muf? hJ h &efbuftqiftxd a&mufapwmu a&S@c&D; h twGuf vrf;pOfrwl=uwm jzpfonf? vrf;pOfrwlawmh acgif ; aqmif r _ v nf ; rwl a wmh ? tm%m&aeonf h zqyv (wu,fawmh qdk&S,fvpfygwD) u ol@acgif; aqmifr_udk tm;vHk;u usdK;usdK;EGHEGH emcHapcsifonf? wjcm;tiftm;pkrsm;u remcHEdkif? Auy om r[kwf? jynfo@l &abmf/ vli,ftpnf;t±H;k pwmawGu vrf;pOf J rSm;ae+yD[k ,lqovdk remcHEi? vrf;pOfwuyJG }uD;}uD; kd f kd f us,us,f jzpfonf? aemuf &efbufjzpf=uonf? 'Dve@J f kd jynfwi;f ppf jzpfonf? G Armcsi;f wdu=f uawmh tcgtcGiaumif;ay:+yD k hf qd+k y;D vlrsKd ;pkrsm;uyg xºuonf? 'Dve@J jynfwi;f ppfr;D u kd G 6
wqif+h yD;wqifh us,jf yef@om;onf? us,jf yef@aponfh G ta=umif;wGif Ediiwumhtajctaeajymif;wm ygonf? kfH od@k aomf tus,rcs@J awmhyg? vrf;pOfupuyJ ajymrnf? f d P kd vrf;pOf (2) cku (3) ck jzpfvmonf? Auy/ jynfo@l &abmf/ tvHe/D qd&,vpfvuf0*%;f / vli,f J k S f J kd tzG@J tpnf; pwmawGu vGwvyfa&;wduy0ifumvu f k f JG csrwconfh ‘a,bk,svrf;a=umif;’ ay:wGif &yfconf? S f hJ H vlrsKd ;pkrsm;uawmh ‘wjcm;vrf;a=umif;’ tay: &yfwnf onf? tm%m&buf,drf;wJhvrf;pOf/ tm%mrJhwdk@ buf,r;f wJh vrf;pOform;awGvnf; &Sao;onf? d d vrf;pOfwdkufyGJu }uD;rm;us,fjyef@ euf±_dif; ±_yfaxG;vmcJh+yD? (3) EdkifiHwumrS &Jabmfrsm;/ rdwfaqGrsm;u ‘vuf0J nD!wa&;’ udk p+yD;vkyz@kd t}uHðy=uonf? Auy vkyf G f f =unfhonf? ratmifjrifyg? ocifpdk;. pmwrf;&Snf }uD;awGom wck+yD;wck xGuvmonf? f Auy u ‘55’ vrf;pOf csrwawmh ‘vuf0J S f nD!wa&;’ Zmwfor;f oGm;onf? tvHeu ‘u|eypm;}u;D G f d D f JG ocifoef;xGef;’ pmwrf; csufcsif;xkwfonf? jynfol@ &Jabmfu tvHeavoHvu+f yD; ‘ocifoef;xGe;f wd@k vpk D kd l vufeufcsz@kd jyif+yD’ pmwrf; xkwonf? f Auy . a'oEW&ygwaumfrwDwcsKd @onf ‘55 D vrf;pOf’ pmwrf; rzwf&cifuwnf;u tvHee@J jynfo@l D &Jabmf pmwrf;awGudk &cJhonf? &Srf;jynfe,fygwD aumfrwDwi;f a&mufaeaom tvHeD (a[mif;) rsm;u G ‘&Sr;f jynfuejf rLepfygw’ wpifaxmif cGxuonf? 55 G D J G f vrf;pOfpmwrf; r&ao;ayr,fh tvHee@J jynfo@l &abmf D J
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AdkvfxGef;vif; (jynfol@&Jabmf)/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;
avoHvu+f yD; 55 vrf;pOfukd qef@usiv@kd cGxuwmvd@k kd f J G f qdkonf? csKyf v d k u f a wmh jynf o l @ &J a bmf v uf e uf c s oGm;+yD; udkodef;azeJ@ wGJrdoGm;onf? aemuf rqv jzpfonf? tvHeDuvnf; 0oHk;vHk; &yfwnfcsufeJ@ wa,mufwnf;usefayap vufeufudkifwdkufyGJ quf wdkufrnf[kajym+yD; wa,mufwnf; vufeufcsoGm; onf? aemuf rqv jzpfonf? Zmwfaygi;f vduawmh ‘vufeufcsawmhr,f’ k f tajymcH&wJh Auy u vufeufrcsbJ wAdvus wAdvf k f k wuf qufvufwuy0ifaeonf? kd f J G ‘vufeufrcsbl;’ qdkolawGu vufeufcs =uonf? 'gu 1988 rwdiru ordi;f wauG@ jzpfonf? kf D k vrf;pOft±_ytaxG; vrf;pOfwuyJG jzpfonf? f kd f (4) 1988 aemufydkif;usawmh ppfeJ@awmfvSefa&;acwf rsKd ;qufa[mif;rsm;&J@acwf r[kwawmh? Ediia&;ZmwfckH f kfH ay:od@k rsKd ;qufopfrsm; wufvmcJ=h u+yD? ‘vGwvyfa&; f - 'Drua&pDa&; - qd&,vpfa&;’ a,bk,svrf;!ïef kd k S f csufukd ypfy,fvu=f u+yD? kd Ediiwumhtajctaeuvnf; ajymif;cJ+h y? ‘'Drkd kfH D ua&pD a &;eJ @ vG w f v yf r _ ’ u tm;vH k ; &J @ a,bk , s vrf;!ïecsuf jzpfvmonf? f tJ'DtcgusrS vrf;pOft±_yftaxG;u ydk+yD; us,jf yef@vmonf? vrf;pOfwuyawG jynfwi;f jynfyrSm kd f JG G w+cdr;f +cdr;f jzpfonf? ygwawG/ tzG@J awG/ tpkawGuvnf; D avsmom;wm r&S? wd;k vmonf? h G d tm%m&uvnf; ‘'Drua&pD’ tm%mrJawG kd h uvnf; ‘'Drua&pD’ Armjynfrm ‘'D’ D rygwhJ ygwD kd S tzGJ@tpnf; r&Sdoavmuf jzpfonf? ¹cif;csufawmh &Sonf? ‘rqv’ tarGcH wpn (NUP) rSm (D) ryg? d vrf;pOfrSmawmh ygvdrfhrnf xifonf? 2008 tajccH Oya'rSm ygwhJ “'Drua&pD” rsKd ;yJ jzpfrnf? kd (5) Auy u (1980) txd ‘jynfo@l 'rua&pD’ [k ajym D kd onf? aemufawmh ‘ygwp'rua&pD’ udk aqmf=oonf? D kH D kd vGwvyfa&;wduyacwfu ‘a,bk,svrf;!ïecsu’ udk f k f JG f f y,fvdkufwm r[kwf? 'Drdkua&pDtqifhwGif tqifhcGJ &Sd&rnf[k (+yD;cJhonfh tawG@tñuHrsm;t&) jrifojzifh tqifcwck wd;k vduwm jzpfonf? h JG k f Auy &yf c H a eonf h ‘'D r d k u a&pD ’ onf ppftm%m&Sipepfukd tºuif;rJtuketpif zsuor;f a&; f h f f d - t&if;tjrpfuae ajymif;vJa&; &,f'u,f (radical) D vrf;pOf jzpfonf? toifhtwifhðyjyifa&; vpfb&,f (liberal) r[kw? &Si;atmif xyf+yD;wifjyygrnf? f f ppftm%m&Sifpepfonf rdk;ay:uusvmwm 7
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r[kw? ppfwyfwi;f rSm oaE<wnfvmonfh qd&,vpf ppftypu pvmwm jzpfonf? xdo@kd oaE<wnfEiatmif f G k S f k f k k kd f uvnf; ppfAsL±dua&pD,EW&m;}uD;udk óu;udiEiv@kd jzpfonf? k k f kd f qd&,vpfppftypu Auy tðywfwua&;rSm jywfom;onf? 1958 u OD;Ekukd tusyui+f yD; tm%m k S f k f k kd f f kd &,lcJhaom Adkvfarmifarmif/ Adkvfatmif}uD;/ Adkvfwifazwdk@onf ppf±Hk;csKyfrSvlrsm; jzpfonf? olwdk@ajymwmu a&S@wef;rSm Auy tðywfwdkufacsr_ef;a&; vkyfae=uwJh wyfawGu OD;Ek ajray:uGefjrLepf (yrnw) eJ@aygif;+yD; tm%m,lxm;wmudk rauseyfbl;? (xdkpOfwkef;u txufArmjynfwdkif;u qdk&S,fvpfppftkyfpk. E_wfrdef@rSm “awmxJrm t&SirwhJ ‘Auy’ udk vufeufcsrvm;/ rcsb;l vm;ar;=unf? rcsb;l qd&if &Si;f ypfc? òr@ay:rSm uGejf rLepf S fd h k hJ &Sm;vd@k awmxJom;yifci;f wm r[kwb;l ”) tJ'vkd ajcmufve@f +yD; OD;Ekqu tm%m‘awmif;’cJwm jzpfonf? G h kd f D S D h 1962 usrS tm%m‘odr;f ’wm jzpfonf? ppftm%m&Sipepf ppftpd;k & jzpfvmonf? f (6) ppftm%m&Sifpepf. 'Dae@t"du ypfrSwfrSm NLD jzpfonf? Auy r[kwf? Auy vufusefeJ@ Auy rsKd ;qufopfukd olw@kd t"durxm;yg? NLD udyJ t"duxm;onf? k 'ga=umifhyJ ‘0HomEk NLD’‘NDF’ wdk@udk vG,fvG,fulul rSwfyHkwifcGifhðyonf? ppftpdk;&bufu a&S@aevduaeolawGuvnf; *sme,fwcsKd @rm a&;cGiay;onf? olw@kd uvnf; NLD u &,f'u,fjzpfvmwmudk k f kd S hf D ‘rdurr’ [k jypfwifarmif;rJonf? wcsKd @u pum;vH;k =urf;=urf;oH;k onf? wcsKd @uawmh em;cswoabma&;onf? k f J _ hJ oabmuawmh twlwjl zpfonf? NLD tck ñuHae&wmudk Auy u ud,csi;pmonf? 1948 u Auy ñuH&wmeJ@ qifaevd@k jzpfonf? k f f t}uHðycsifygonf? - jywfom;wJh 'Drua&pDvrf;pOfukd rSeuefwufºuwJh acgi;f aqmifre@J aygi;f pyfay;zd@k vdygonf? kd f _ k - acgi;f aqmifrpOfqufrjywf&a&;onf ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonf? (Auy uawmh ol@tajctae _ dS t& ‘awmcd’ wm vkyconf? 'ga=umifh acgi;f aqmifrpOfqufrjywf &Scwm jzpfonf? NLD u k f hJ _ d hJ ud,tajctaet& acgi;f aqmifr_ pOfqufrjywfz@kd pOf;pm;pDpOfxm;oifonf?) k hf h - ppftm%m&Sipepfu NLD tjrpfjywfacsre;f a&; vkyrmudk wGuoifonf? ‘a&G;aumufy’ +y;D v#if f _ fS f h JG olw@kd u wqifwufvmEdionf? h kf - olrsm;twGi;f a&; 0ifpuonf[k rxifapcsiyg? ‘88 tHºk ur_’ &J@ aemufq;kH &wem NLD udk G f f umuG,csiwm jzpfonf? umuG,&efwm0efvnf; &Sonf[k ,lqonf? rSeuefwvrf;pOfukd f f f d f hJ rSeuefwhJ acgi;f aqmifru taumiftxnfazmfrS atmify&rSm jzpfonf? f _ JG - 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHku (60) ausmfcJh+yD? rSefuefwJhvrf;pOfeJ@ tJ'Dvrf;pOfudk rSefuefpGm a&S@aqmifEir,fh acgi;f aqmif&z@kd tavmw}uD; vdaeyg+yD? kd f dS k - Auy uawmh ta&;awmfykH ratmifjrifrcsi;f wduy0ifz@kd cdirmwJoEMXmef&onf? k f JG kf h d dS
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tck ñuHae&wmudk Auy u udk,fcsif;pmonf? 1948 u Auy ñuH&wmeJ@ qifaevdk@jzpfonf?
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(1) &JabmfA[de;f OD;pD;+yD; “jynfo@l tm%m” pwifxwa0pOfu tajctaeawGe@J ,ae@tajctae trsm;}uD; k f uGmjcm;ygw,f? rwlawmhyg? [dkwkef;u *syefvufeufcs+yD;wm wvausmfuav;yJ &Sdw,f? *syefzufqpf qef@usia&;udk wav#mufv;kH &yfc+H yD; ZGe@J vycwhJ ‘Auy’ &J@ *k%oum wufaew,f? ygw&@J tmabmftjzpf f J k f hJ f d Q D xGuvmwJh *sme,fjzpfv@kd vlawG pdw0ifpm;w,f? f f trsKd ;om;nD!wa&; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;jzpfwhJ ‘zqyv’ &J@ vkyief;vrf;pOfawGukd 0g'jzef@o/l pnf;±H;k ol G f f jzpfv@kd vnf; vlxu pdw0ifpm;w,f? k f wwdkif;jynfvHk;&Sd vlxk}uD;uvnf; ppf}uD;+yD;qHk;oGm;wma=umifh &$ifvef;wufºuaecsdef jzpfw,f? atmifycavxke@J jynfv#r;f - atmifycpw"mwf jrifrm;aecsevnf; jzpfw,f? JG H h JG H d f h d f (2) 65 ESptwGi;f rSm ‘jynfo@l tm%m’ [m ikyvuay:vdue@J jzwfoef;vmcJ&if; 1980 vGeacwfumvusrS f f kd f k f h f tcgtm;avsmpm xkwa0Edicw,f? trSwf (32) txd a&mufcygw,f? 'Dvkd xkwa0Edicwm[m Auy A[dk f G f k f hJ hJ f k f hJ ud,wiu ajratmufygwD (,l§*s) jzpfaevd@k ygy? ppfa&;ppf&mwm0efawG ydraevd@k y? k f kd f D J J 'gayrJh tajctaeawGu tajymif;tvJ}uD; ajymif;vJcyg+yD? bmawGajymif;vJovJ? 'gukd tckaqmif;yg;u hJ txl;ðywifjyrSmyg? (3) Ediiwumhtajctaetajymif;tvJ? kfH • qdA,uf,e,H usq;kH oGm;+yD; wurBmvH;k Edii}H uD;}uD;i,fi,f tm;vH;k (tm;vH;k ) u t&if;&Sipepfukd k D l D kf f usio;kH vm=uw,f? hf • t&if;&SipepfuvG+J yD; usewpepfawG ed*;kH csKyfom;+yDqwhJ tawG;tac:u v$r;f rd;k vmw,f? tawG;tac: f f hJ G kd ppfrsuEmrSmvnf; t&if;&SitawG;tac:uyJ tEdi&vdu+f yD; rmhup0g'tawG;tac: usq;kH oGm;+yDv@kd f S f kf k f f qd=k uw,f? • urBmrSm plygyg0gwckyJ &Sw,fqwhJ t,ltqu toHus,vmw,f? d kd f 9
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jynfwi;f tajymif;tvJ? G trsdK;om;nD!Gwfa&; òyuGJr_u txGwf txd y f a&muf v mw,f ? (1948) u pvduwhJ òyuGr[m &yfroGm;±Hru yd+k yD; k f J _ k wdk;yGm;vmw,f? rw&m;oif; a=unm cH&wJh pm&if;udk=unfh? avsmhroGm;bl;/ wd;k vmw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;/ wnf+idra&; r&Sb;l ? tusKd ; f d qufu rzGH@òz; rwdk;wufbl;? jynfwGif; vm+yD; &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEoawGu tjrwfxwf HS l k aoG ; pk y f w m cH & ±H k r u jynf o l a wG oef;eJ@cs+D yD; jynfyxGuf tvkyvyae=u f k f &+yD? qENtavsmuf jynfyxGuu|ec&ol f fH u rsm;oxuf rsm;vmw,f?
ocifA[def;
ppftm%m&Sipepfu yd+k y;D us,jf yef@vmaew,f? ‘tm%myditzG@J tpnf;’ ‘tm%mydi’ qdwhJ pum;vH;k u f kf kf k &yfuuaus;&Gmtxd jyef@ae+yD; *syefacwf tkycsKyfa&;eJ@ bmrSrxl;ovdk jzpfae+yD? “Ediiawmf” qdwmeJ@ G f f kfH k ‘ppftyp’ wxyfwnf; jzpfae+yD? 'Drua&pDpnf;0di;f qdwmu =umavusO;f av jzpfaew,f? ‘2008 k f k kd k k tajccHOya'’ atmufrm ‘vkyuuuav;’ &Saumif;&J@ ajymcJoawGvnf; ‘vkyuu’ u rvl;om S f G f d h l f G f rvGe@f om jzpfaewmudk cHpm;ae&=u+yD? (4) jynfwGif;jynfy tajctaeawGu quf+yD;ajymif;aew,f? 21 &mpk&J@ yxrqHk; ‘q,fpkESpf’ ukefcgeD;rSm tajymif;tvJu xif&m;vmw,f? ‘ed*;kH csKyf+yD’ qdwmawGu ed*;kH rcsKyfb;l ? rmhup0g'tawG;tac:u rusq;kH bl;? S k f f ‘plygyg0g’ rSmvnf; ‘plygpr;f tm;’ r&Sb;l ? t&if;&Sipepfuvnf; rajzmihjf zL;bl;qdwmawG xif&m;vmw,f? G d f k S tJ'vkd tajctaerSm ‘jynfo@l tm%m’ u “65 ESpajrmufarG;ae@” udk txdr;f trSwðf yaewmyg? D f a&S@vmr,fh ‘5’ ESpc&D;rSm ‘jynfo@l tm%m’ u ydraumif;rGewhJ tusKd ;ðyr_vyz@kd oEMXmef&ygw,f? f k kd f k f d dS “a&G;aumufy” qdwm}uD; +yD;wJaemufrm jynfoukd pnf;±H;k wJtvkyf yd+k yD;vkyEiz@kd pOf;pm;xm;ygw,f? JG k h S l h f kd f ‘jynfol@tm%m’ udk oabmw&m;a&;*sme,ftjzpf xkwfa0+yD; vwfwavmEdkifiHa&;udpPrsm;udk Auy &J@ tmabmftjzpf azmfjyEdiwhJ ‘ta&;awmfyHk*sme,f’ xkwz@kd pDpOfaeyga=umif;? kf f ppftm%m&Sipepf rkcsusq;kH &rnf? f 'Drua&pDta&;awmfykH atmif&rnf? kd 10
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tajccH o d y f a wmif h a wmh olu tawmf=um=umawmifcEirm h H kd f S yg? 'gayrJh bk&Sfti,fvdk igwaum aumol orR w awG r sm;&if a wmh wtdtdusrSmyJ? tajccHrawmifhwJh (3) tckawmh ‘plygyg0gvufusef’ qdA,ufvawmh tusjrefrm r[kwf kD kd S tar&dueftvSnfh a&mufaecsdef ygbl;? jzpfw,f? qdA,ufu ‘atmifjrifre@J kD _ pl y gyg0gtqif h u d k ol w d k @ ,pfrl;’ (rdbtarGeJ@ Am&m%oD ukaɺu,folaX;om;vdk vkyfcJhwJh) quf v uf x d e f ; od r f ; Ed k i f r S m yg? f kd qdA,ufvrf;udk olvnf; vduaeyHk w±kwu rDvmw,fqwmu '¾m k D k f ay:w,f ? 'k w d , urB m ppf r S m pk &Dyg? ‘ppfat;acwf’ wausmhjyef f l $ hf _ J aqmif ; rd w J h ºu,f 0 r_ e J @ =oZm csiorsm;&J@ tmabmfviry? (2) qd k A D , uf p l y gyg0g&J @ tm%mudk oH;k ðzef;ypfcv@kd olvnf; hJ w±k w f u ppf a t;vG e f usqH k ; cef ; uawmh u|ef a wmf w d k @ us&dyfjyae+yD? acwfrSm tusdK;aus;Zl; trsm;}uD; rsuaphatmufrm jzpfcwmyg? f S hJ f 'kwd,urBmppfrSm olrsm; &wm rSew,f? (1970) uwnf;u csdKtifvdkif;wdk@u ol@usqHk;cef;tpu ‘plyg awG jymyHkjzpfaecsdef pnf;pdrfðywf armfpDwkef;/ k D yg0g’ tqifh&vm+yD;uwnf;uvdk@ aecsdefrSm tar&duefu AHk;wvHk; qdA,ufukd cGm/ tar&duefe@J aphpyf f hJ h qdk&r,f? aoG;ºu+yD; plygyg0gusifh t}uJrcH&bl;? pnf;pdrfOpPm wuf vkycwmyJ? 'Dt&ifuvnf; w±kwf usifhvmawmh &JabmfawGu ol@udk w,f? ppftwGif;rSm tustqHk;u u COMECON (qdkAD,ufpD;yGm; a0zefw,f? rdwfaqGawG (udkvdkeD oltenf;qH;k yJ? ppfonftustqH;k a&;tkyfpk) xJ rygbl;? WARSAW d k D wdkif;jynfawG) u ol@udk cGmw,f? (3) ode;f eD;yg;yJ &Sw,f? qdA,ufu (qd k A D , uf p pf t k y f p k ) xJ rygbl ; ? tJ've@J txD;usef jzpfw,f? rdb 6 oef; 1 odef; &Sdw,f? t*Fvdyf qdk&S,fvpf*dk%f;}uD;qdkwm yHkjyifyg? D kd tarGukd xdi+f yD;ðzef;ypfwovkd usihf uawmif (3) ode;f (5) aomif; &Sd 'gudk teD;uyfavhvmolrsm; odyg k hJ l w,f ? b,f a wmh r S u|ef 0 ,f & m }uHv@kd Zmwfor;f rvSwmyJ? c±k&uzf w,f? d S f tqpfygr,ftvkyf w±kwuvkyavh h f f usoGm;+yD; b&ufZnuf wufvm ppf t wG i f ; rS m tvk y f r&Sdygbl;? ol@tusdK;aus;Zl; bmvJ awmh igwaumaumwJh ppfyGJwcsdK@ wduw,f? tmz*efppfyrm AGuepf vufrJh r&Sd? tvkyfvkyfEdkifolwdkif; qd k w m od y gw,f ? qd k A D , uf u k f JG S f f kH awmhwmyJ? aemufawmh aocgeD; tvky&w,f? puf±awG w±H+k yD;w±Hk w±k w f j ynf u d k (awmif a jrmuf kd f }uD ; awG wa,muf + yD ; wa,muf wnfEiw,f? trsKd ;orD;awG tvkyf udk;&D;,m; cGJovdk) vkyfzdk@ (1948) acgif ; aqmif wuf v k y f = uw,f ? orm;wyfz@JG xJ tvH;k t&if;eJ@ ygvm avmufu }uHpnfwmudk olu vuf kd f k hJ vrf;pOfrm;jyifz@kd rvky=f ubl;? aemuf w,f? ppfwuaewJh wdi;f jynfawGukd rcHcygb;l ? awmifajrmuf ud;k &D;,m; S S J f qHk;awmh qdkAD,ufqdk&S,fvpf vrf; taºu;a&mif ; w,f ? t&if ; tES D ; udk 38 H rsO;f òyifrm cGovdk w±kwukd enf;enf;ay;+yD; tjrwftrsm;qHk; vnf; ,efpDjrpfudk tajcðy+yD;cGJzdk@ a=umif;udk ajrjr‡Kyfypfr,fh a*:bm J f hJ hJ acsmhzf wufvm+yD; Zmwfodrf;rvS &wm tar&duefy? wOD;wnf;aom vkycwmudk vufrcHcygb;l ? tEkjrLvufeuf ydiqiovnf; jzpf k f kd f l jzpf&wmyJ? vmw,f? ukvor*~w@kd urBmb%f h 17
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wdkif;jynf (2) jcrf;uGJ&if b,fvjkd zpfwwfovJqwm AD,uferf/ kd ud;k &D;,m;wd@k u=kd unf&if &Si;f ygw,f? h AD,uferfrSm jyef+yD;waygif;wpnf; wnf;jzpfzdk@ ppfwdkufcJh&w,f? (25) ESpf =umw,f? udk;&D;,m;uawmh awG@=uwJhtwdkif;yJ?
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TtoGiwrsK;d aom ukvdk f d awmiftmz&du uGejf rLepf ygwDonf 1921 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm; eD pepfykHpHqkdonfrSm txl;trsKd; d dk D d cJonf? xkpOfuwnf;u Ekiiwumh tpm;jzpfaom ukvepepfudk qkvdk h d dfH jcif; jzpfonf? Tonfrm acwfopf S tjrifudk ol pkuxvmcJonf? d f l h awmiftmz&durSm onfht&ifu hJ _ d dk awmif t mz&d u Ek d i f i H }uKHc&onfh pufre,fcs@J pepf. ukveD d f twGuf rsuarSmufacwf Ekiiwumh pepfrsK;d ukd qkvjdk cif; r[kw? ‚u f dfH tiftm;pkrsm;tajctaeukd AsL[m &nfn¸ef;onfrSm awmiftmz&du Hk _ k f ajrmuf od j rif e m;vnf a &;onf wGif t&if;pkyrvyvmaom txl; d t"du usonf? Todjrifem;vnf vrf;a=umif;ukd qkvjdk cif; jzpfonf? a&;ukd aumif;aumif;rGefrGef r}uKd; ‚ txl;vrf;a=umif;ukd +Adwdo# pm;Ekicv#if xifa,mifrm;r_rsm;ESihf e,fcs@J pepfu wufwufºuºu ausm d f hJ S h vufawG@trSm;rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&ay axmufaemufcjH yKay;cJonf? awmif tmz&duukd pD;yGm;a&;/ Ekiia&;/ ppf dfH vdrrnf? hf a&;wk d @ jzif h ,if ; uJ h o k d @ uk d v k d e D j yK tom;ta&mif cG J j cm; jcif;onf urBmhe,fcsJ@pepfabmif tkyp;dk r_ tqk;H owfom;onfrm rSef twGif;rSm jzpfysufcJhjcif;[k qkdEkdif f G S onf? okd@&mwGif awmiftmz&du onf? urBmhe,fcsJ@pepf. wpdwf onf urBmhpepf tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wyki;f tjzpf qufpyfaeonf? d uif;uGmae&onfr[kw? urBmwGif f 1970 ckESpfrsm; taESmif; pkd;rkd;cs,fvS,faeaom Akdvfusv¸rf; rk;d aompepf tpDtpOfrsm; &Saeao; ykdif;usawmh aemufxyfa&mufvm d onfh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk tpk;d & onf? u awmiftmz&durSm vljzLvlenf;pk trSeu vljzLtpk;d & tkyf tpk;d &tkycsKyfa&; toufjyefoi;f zk@d f f G csKyfa&;onfyifv#if urBm}u;D ESihf uif; aoe*FAsL[m qkH;jzwfcsufw&yfukd 30
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,kwfusqif;vmonf- [k ,lq vm=uonf? (xkd@a=umifh awmif tmz&duwGif ppfat;wkuyJG t&Sef d f d avsmh o G m ;+yD / wif ; wif ; usyf u syf tkycsKyfa&;ykprS wpkw&m av#mcsI f H H H h &+yD[k ,lqvm[ef &Sonf?) d xkd@jyif e,fcsJ@tiftm;pk rsm;taejzif h awmif t mz&d u uk d v¸r;f rk;d tkycsKyf&mwGif t&nftcsi;f f jrifvm+yD/ aºu;+rDtusytwnf; jzpf h f aeonfh awmiftmz&duukd aºu;+rD udpPjzifh ukdifwG,fxdef;odrf;I &ae +yD[lIvnf; txifa&mufaeykH ay:onf? trSefwu,fwGifvnf; wkd;wufjzpfxGef;p jyKvmaeaom awmifykdif;tmz&du EkdifiHrsm;wGif e,fcs@J tiftm;pkw@dk u jyif;xef =urf; wrf;onfh zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ qkdif&m nSdESkdif;xdef;csKyfa&; vkyfief; pOfudk 1980 ckEprsm;twGi;f usio;Hk S f hf cJ&mwGif xkEiirsm; vGwvyfa&;& h d dk f H f tjyD; &&SdcJhonfh zGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&; atmifo;D atmifyirsm; vk;H yg;yg;ukef G hf cJ&onf? pifppfqv#if tmz&du. h dk pD;yGm;a&;onf e,fausmEiiwum f dk f H aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm; vk,ufzsuf qD ; Ek d i f a tmif / wk d u f c k d u f t yk d i f p D ; Ekdifatmif wHcg;zGifhay;vkduf&jcif;[k qk d E k d i f o nf ? wu,f w rf ; wG i f tmz&duonf jyefvnfI ukveb0 d dk D usa&mufom;jcif; jzpfonf? ppfa&; G t& ukdvkdeDb0 oGwfoGif;jcif; cH& wmrsKd ; r[k w f ? b¾ma&;tzG J @ tpnf;awGuwqifh ukdvkdeDtjyK cH&jcif; jzpfonf? enf;emopfrsm; tokH;jyKvmaom e,fcsJ@pepfonf olwkd@twGuf tcsdefwckwGif tokH; wnfhcJhaom vljzLvlenf;pktkyfcsKyf a&;ukd 1980 ckEpf rsm;taESmif;yki;f S d wGif zsuor;f ay;cJ=h uonf? f d tav;teufxm;zkd@ vkd onfrSm r=umcifu +yD;oGm;cJhonfh twdwudk rSereuefuef tuJrjzwf f fSf Ekib;l qkv#if Ekiiwumh tpDtpOf df d dfH pepftwGif; wnf&Sdaeonfh rsuf arSmuf awmiftmz&du. c&D;vrf; wGif ykHysufyef;ysufjzpfr_ tawmf rsm;rsm;ukd &ifqi&vdrrnfqonfh dk f hf dk tcsuyif jzpfonf? qkA,uftypk f d D k f +yKduGJysufokOf;onfhenf;wl/ ppfat; wkuyJG +yD;qk;H oGm;onfenf;wl e,fcs@J d f h pepfonfvnf; taiG@ysovkd aysmuf H uG,foGm;+yD[k xif=u[ef&Sdonf? vufawG@u onfvr[kw? tzG@H +zKd; dk f qkH;t&if;&Sifwkdif;jynfrsm;/ urBmh tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh t&if;&Sif e,fausmf t"du aumfya&;&Si;f }uD; dk rsm;onf qkw,wusqif;oGm;jcif; f k f r[kwf/ 1990 ckESpfrsm;twGif;wGif ykd+yD; }uD;xGm;zGH@+zKd;vmonf? 1915 ckEpwe;f u vDeifonf e,fcs@J pepf . Sf k oGijf yifvuQ%mrsm;ukd cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm jycJonf? qkv&if;rSm h d dk “}uD;}uD;rm;rm; tiftm; jznfhwif;xm;aom vufwqkyfpm t&if;&Siaumfya&;&Si;f }uD;rsm;onf f dk olw@dk . vkyief;rsm;ukd urBmwv¸m; f jzef@=uufcsxm;vku=f uonf? onf d wGif wki;f jynfrsm;t=um; rnDr#rawG d _ jzpfvmonf? txl;ojzifh urBmh rwlaoma'orsm;t=um; rnDrr# jzpfvmonf? 'gomru a'orsm; tm;vkH;a&m/ wkduf}uD;rsm;ygrusef qif ; &J e d r f h u sonf h tajctae qkdufa&muf=u&onf? onf&mpk. aemufq;Hk q,fpEpf ESpco;Hk cktwGi;f k S fk wGif e,fcs@J pepf. oGijf yiftopfrsm; ukd u|eawmfw@dk jrifawG@&ay+yD”[lI f jzpfonf? twd w f u k d arh x m;+yD ; ypPkKy`efOD;wnfcsuf &SkyfaxG;aev#if tusKd ; quf t m;jzif h Ek d i f i H w umh vufawG@jzpf&yfrsm;twGif; awmif tmz&dutaejzifh b,fvkd&ifqkdif oifonf-qkaomudpY tjrifre0g; h d P _ f aeawmhrnf? vuf&yg0ifywfoufrkS dS t&qkdv#if awmiftmz&duonf “Ekiirsm; rdom;pk” qkonftxJ jyef dfH d h 0if&awmhrnf? urBmhtpDtpOfxJ wwfEkdifor# jrefjref0if&awmhrnf? ajcpkHypf yl;aygif;&awmhrnf? 'g&J@ t"dy`m,fu “upm;yGJ&J@ pnf;rsOf; Oya'rsm;”qkonfudk vufcvuz@dk yJ d H dk f jzpfonf? awmiftmz&duonf EkiiH df wumhupm;yGrm upm;olwa,muf JS jzpfz@dk qv#if “upm;yGJ pnf;rsO;f Oya' dk awG” vufcHzkd@vkdonf - [laom tcsufukd r=umc% tajymcHae& onf ? awmif t mz&d u onf “'D upm;yGJ pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm;” ukd opPm &S&awmhrnf? &kao&awmhrnf? vkuf d d d em&awmhrnf? 'gawG u k d 'gh x uf y k d + yD ; em;vnfoabmayguz@dk qv#iawmh f dk f urBmv¸r;f +cKHa&; Globalisation qkd onfudk yk+d yD; aphaphpyfpyf =unfjh rif tuJcwfEiz@dk ta&;}uD;onf? dk f urBmv¸rf;+cKHa&;
Globalisation
urBmhpD;yGm;a&; aygif;pnf; r_&nf&G,fcsufonf tpuwnf;u t&if;&SivuQ%m &Sconf? 19 &mpk f d hJ aemufq;Hk q,fpEpf ok;H cktwGi;f T kS jzpfpOfonf ykd+yD; t&Sdeft[kef jyif; vmonf? taemufOa&my pufr_ vkyfief;A[kdcsufrrS xkwfvkyfa&; t&if;tESD;tajrmuftjrm; t}uD; 31
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tus,f wif y k d @ vmaoma=umif h jzpf o nf ? awmif t mz&d u wG i f rki;f wGi;f pufrvyief;awG &Sconf? d _ k f d hJ pufr_wyfqifa&;topfawGvnf; xyfvkyfvm=uonf? 'Dawmh 'Dvkd pufr_toGifaqmifapa&;jzpfpOfESifh oD;jcm;uif;uGmaeI r&? xkdcsdef uwnf;u ueOD; urBmv¸rf;+cKHa&; Globalisation OD;wnfcsuf jzpfpOf xJrSm awmiftmz&duonfvnf; tpdwfwykdif;tjzpf yg0ifcJh&onf[k qkdEkdifonf? wenf;tm;jzifh e,fcsJ@ pepf. oGifjyifopf/ ykHpHopfw&yf twGi;f aexkic&onf[k qkEionf? d f hJ d dk f Te,fcsJ@pepf. oGifjyiftopfxJY aomhcsuusaom ta=umif;tcsuf f rsm; &Saeonf? d owif;ESifh qufoG,fa&; twwfynmvkyief;wGienf;ynmt& f f a&S@wef;a&mufr_ t&Sejf refpm jzpfay: d G vmcJhonf? ‚onf pGrf;aqmifEkdif pGrf; }uD;&kHru =oZmoufa&mufr_k vnf ; }uD ; vmonf ? xk d @ a=umif h b¾maps;uGursm;onfvnf; ta& f twGuft& }uD;xGm;us,fjyef@vm ovkd t&nftcsif;t& urBmvkH; qki&m aygi;f pnf;r_rsm; jyKvkyEipr;f df f dk f G &Svmonf? d 'ghtjyif t&if;tESD;onf vnf; Ekiie,ferwudk ausmjf zwfI dfH d d f e,fveaqmif&urrsm; wk;d yGm;vm G f G f _ onf? xkr#omru t"duusaom d t&if;&Siaumfya&;&Si;f }uD;rsm;onf f dk t&if;tES;D Ekiie,ferwf ausmjf zwf dfH d d r_ E S i f h t wl ol w k d @ . xk w f v k y f a &; vkyfief;rsm;ukdyg aqmif&Gufvm=u onf? onfr# ruao;yg? Ekiie,f dfH ed r d w f u k d ausmf v G e f x k d ; azmuf + yD ; tm%mtiftm; pkpnf;r_yg jyK=ujyef onf? onfwGif tusKd;quftjzpf 32 tm%mtk y f p k a wG jzpf v monf ? onfuwqifh trsKd;om;EkdifiHrsm; (onf t xJ w G i f t"d u usaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHawmfrsm;yif yg0ifae onf) tm; bufpHk edrqif;av#mus hf oGm;aponftxd jzpfvmcJonf? h Ek d i f i H a &;buf w G i f v nf ; t"duusaom ta=umif;tcsursm; f &Sconf? d hJ aom atmif j rif r _ r sm; jyef v nf qk;H &S;Hk oGm;&jcif; jzpfonf? 1970 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif qkdAD,uftkyfpktay: zdtm;awG ykd+yD; vkyfvmcJh=uonf? onftxJwGif vufeuf+yKdifqkdifrSk onf v nf ; wpd w f w yk d i f ; tjzpf yg0ifonf? 1989-1991 ckEpa&muf S f awmh qkdAD,uftkyfpk +yKduGJysufpD; oGm;onf? onftkyfpku t&if;&Sif pD ; yG m ;a&;wk d @ / urB m v¸ r f ; +cKH a &; Globalisation wk@d e@J b,fwe;urS k f qufpyfcz;l wm r[kw? 'gayrJh tck hJ f usawmh ,cifqA,ufe@J r[mrdwf dk D jzpfcwhJ wki;f jynftm;vk;H rwlwhJ hJ d twk d i f ; twmeJ @ urB m v¸ r f ; +cKH pD;yGm;a&;eJ@ aygi;f pnf;vm=u&onf?
zufqpfpepf usq;Hk (1944 - 45) t+yD; q,fpkESpf okH;ckcef@r# umvtwGi;f vlwef;pm;tiftm;pk rsm;t=um; jyefvnfxdef;!‡dr_rsm; vkyvm=uonf/ txl;ojzifh pufr_ f txGef;um;qkH; EkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpf onf? Txde;f !‡rt& tvkyorm; d _ f xkukd OD;pm;ay;vm=u&onf? T q,fpEpo;Hk cktwGi;f qkA,uftypk kSf dD kf olwkd@aygif;pnf;vmonfh ykrcirmawmifwif;vmonfuvnf; urBmv¸r;f +cKHa&; Globalisation qkd d dk dk f h dk jrif =u&onf? ukvepepfz,f&m;a&; wmua&m b,fvkdtajctaevJ? d dk D S 'Dvi;f uvnf; jrifwufvmonf? urBmv¸rf;+cKHa&; tmabmfrsm;ukd _d h vufawG@jzifh taumiftxnf jyoifh ok@d &mwGif 1970 ckEprsm; S f onf? 'gayrJh vufawG@wGif t+rD; ta&muf t&if;&Siftiftm;pkrsm; tarmuf r wnf h a om jzpf & yf r sm; twG i f ; wG i f wpd w f w yk d i f ; aom jrifawG@ae&onf? vpfb&,f0g'opf twGif;ykdif; tcuftcJrsm; }uKHvm a&S@aevkuorsm;u pnf;rsO;f Oya' d f l onf? xkd@a=umifh olwdk@u tajc xkwjf yefwhJ aq;n¸e;f awGe@J vufawG@ tae vSnajymif;a&;twGuf tusK;d hf taumiftxnfazmfr_ (aq;pGrf;) tjrwfopfrsm; &&Sdvma&; }uKd;pm; t=um; wvGwacsmf jzpfaewmawG J vm=uonf? xkrpI zG@H +zdK;vmaom d S ukd twif;zkH;zdzkd@ }uKd;pm;=uonf? t&if;&Sifwkdif;jynfrsm;twGif; vlr_ trSeu aps;uGutiftm;pkrsm;tm; f f zG@H +zKd;a&;ESihf apmifa&Smufa&;pepf usihf h txdef;tcsKyfrJh v¸wfay;xm;jcif;/ ok;H aom tpk;d &rsm;ukd qef@usiwuf f dk twwfynm. tqkH;tjzwfusrSk ckuvmonf? zG@H +zKd;vmaom awmif d f tcef;ukd txdef;tcsKyfrJh v¸wfay; yk d i f ; Ek d i f i H r sm;wG i f aºu;+rD t usyf xm;jcif ; wk d @ jzif h urB m v¸ r f ; +cKH a &; twnf; jzpfapatmif zefwD;um pepfukd armif;ESifvnfywfcJhwmyJ aoG;pky=f uonf? xk@d a=umifh vGwvyf f jzpfonf? 'Dvvy&if; vpfb&,f0g' dk k f a&; &cJ=h uonfh Ekiii,fuav;rsm; dfH opf a&S@aersm;u awmiftmz&du onf bmr#r=umonfh tcsetwGi;f d f tygt0if usef t if t m;pk r sm;uk d rSmyif vGwvyf+yD;aemufyi;f &&Svm f dk d ajcmufvkH;vSef@vkH;rsm;jzifh zdxm;
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onf ? a0zef a &;oabmygaom b,fvkd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm=unfhr_ukdr# cGifhrjyK? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pOf;pm; awG;ac:cGir&? “wjcm; a&G;cs,p&m hf f bmr#r&S” qkaom rloabmaqmif d d onfh t,ltq avSmiftrxrmom df JS ydwavSmifxm;csiae=uonf? f f 'gayrJh olw@dk &@J rlawG/ aºu; a=umfoHawG(onftxJrSm upm;yGJ pnf;rsO;f Oya'- qkwmvnf; ygonf) d ESiwu,fvufawG@ usio;Hk rSt=um; hf h hf k t}uD;tus,f uGm[aeavonf? upm;yGJ&J@ pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;? urBmv¸rf;+cKHa&;u urBmh pnf;pepftwGi;f yg0ifaygi;f pyfa&;ukd wGef;aqmfonf? zGH@+zKd;jyD;EkdifiHrsm;u jyifyxGuf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;wkd;csJ@wmukd tm;ay;onf? zG@H +zKd;qJEiirsm; yk@d uef dk f H k OD ; pm;ay; uk e f o G , f p D ; yG m ;a&;uk d wk;d cs@J z@dk wkuwe;f onf? d f G cs,v,wmukd cH&onf? 'ga=umifh f S f h EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;. trsm; yki;f rSm olw@dk ajymonfh vGwvyfpm d f G +yKdiqia&; “pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm;” ESihf f dk f rukun? d f D urBmhvGwfvyfaom ukef oG,fa&;pepf tpDtpOfwGif EkdifiHpkH tjyeftvSef yl;aygi;f tusK;d jyKrSk jzpf aprnftpm; tar&dum;vkd tiftm; h }uD;EkiiawGu wEkiiwnf; aumif; dfH dfH pm;a&;0g'uk d wif o G i f ; vmonf ? r=umc%yif Ekiia&;pDrcsuf awGudk dfH H yg wifoi;f jcif; jyKonf? txif&m; G S qkH; oufaoom"u - uawmh usL;bm;ESihf ukeo,rj_ yKonfh EkiiH f G f df awGukd tar&duefu tjypfay;zkd@ }uKd;pm;jcif;yif jzpfonf? 'gu tar &dum;. Ekiie,ferwvef pD&ifyif dfH d d f G dk cGiOya'ukd wGe;f wifz@dk ajymifajymif hf wif;wif; }uKd;yrf;vmjcif; jzpfonf? 'gu tar&dum;ukd,fwkdif wifjycJh onfh EkiipHk tjyeftvSef yg0ify;l aygi;f dfH a&; urBmueo,rpepf tpDtpOf h k f G f _ rsm; tqkjd yKcsursm;ukd vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm; f ypfy,fvujf cif;yif jzpfonf? vufe@J dk a&;xm;onfukd ajceJ@zsufvkdufjcif; yif jzpfonf? onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 'DtzG@J rsm;wGif puf r S k z G H @ +zKd ; +yD ; Ek d i f i H r sm;u ol w k d @ uk,yif &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErqi&m oabm d f dk HS _ dk f wlpmcsKyf (MAI) ukd csKyfqkdvkyf aqmifonf? 'gtjyif “vGwvyfonf” h f h urBmvk;H qki&m aps;uGuudk v¸r;f rk;d df f cs,f v S , f a eaom tif t m;}uD ; a'oqk d i f & m pD ; yG m ;a&;tk y f p k } uD ; awG v nf ; &S d a o;onf ? EU ES i f h NAFTA wk d @ jzpf o nf ? ol w k d @ u olwkd@&J@ tdrfeD;em;csif;EkdifiHawGukd olw@dk tvktwki;f jzpfatmif vuf d d atmufcjH yKonf? Oyrm - ruUqudk D uJo@dk aom Ekiirsm;? h dfH EkiiawGvrsK;d zG@H +zKd;+yD; dfH dk EkiiawGu pD;yGm;a&;rSm v,form; dfH awGukd trawmfa=u;ay;wm vkyf onf? pkuysK;d xkwvyol trawmf d f f k f a=u; p&dwawGudk ESi;f ,SO=f unfyg? f dk h EU EkiiawGu 50 &mckiEKS ef; ay;Ekif dfH df d ayr,fh awmiftmz&durSmu 15 &mckiEKS ef;om ay;Ekionf? trawmf df df a=u;p&dwf aumif;aumif;axmufyhH EkiwhJ EU &J@ pkuysK;d a&;oD;ESH xGuf df d f uk e f a wG u EU Ek d i f i H r sm;twG i f ; omru awmiftmz&duESifhvnf; ,SOf+yKdifa&mif;csonf? wwd,EkdifiH rsm;&J@ ykd@ukefaps;uGufrsm;rSmvnf; 0if+yD; ,SO+f yKkionf? awmiftmz&du df &J@ jynfwGif;aps;uGufxJtxd vm a&muf , S O f + yKd i f o nf ? uk v or*~ zG@H +zk;d a&;tpDtpOf UNDP . 1997 ckESpfwkef;u okawoejyKcsuft& “vGwvyfpm ukeo,r_ jyKa&;wGif f G f G f yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeolwkd@. pdwful; ar#mre;f csuw@dk onf vufawG@urBmh f S f jzpf&yfawGe@J jy'g;wvrf; oHwvrf; qkdovkd jzpfaeonf? pkdufysKd;a&; aps;uGuwif qufvufyg0ifaeol f G 33
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EkdifiHwumhavmif;upm;&kH}uD; zGifhvSpf=ujcif;? Ttiftm;}uD; t&if;&Sif Ekiirsm;onf pufrEihf xkwvya&; dfH _ S f k f u¾wkd@rS t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh tif tm;rsm;ukd EdkifiHwumhajymif;a&¸@r_ }uD;awG vkyfcJh=uonf? tEW&m,f tvG e f } uD ; aom ajymif ; a&¸ @ r_ [ k qk d & rnf ? ajymif ; a&¸ @ vmonf r S m urBmhb¾ma&;u¾/ txl;ojzifh aps;upm;aom pawmhaps;uGufESifh aiGa=u;ta&mif;t0,fu¾wkd@wGif jzpf o nf ? puf r S k y pP n f ; / v#yf p pf twwfynmwk@d tultnDjzifh jrefjref qefqef aps;upm;+y;D aiGa=u;ta&mif; t0,fvkyfr_ukd aqmif&GufonfrSm ae@pOf tar&duefa':vm 1 x&DvsrS H 2 x&DvsH wefz;dk txd &Sae+yD; urBmh d avmif;upm;&kH}uD;vkd jzpfaeonf? Tok@d rsm;jym;vSaom aiGa=u;aps; upm;r_ yrm%a=umifh EkdifiHwum wGif pD;qif;aeaom EkdifiHjcm;xkwf vk y f r _ &if ; ES D ; jr‡ K yf E S H a &;uk d t}uD ; tus,f xdcuom;apcJonf? dk f G h twkdif;twmjzifh zGH@+zKd;r_tedrfhqkH; tqif h x J usa&muf a e=uonf ? tjrKaw. tumykdif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zG H @ +zKd ; r_ ted r f h q k H ; Ek d i f i H r sm;. uG m jcm;csurm EkiijH cm; wku&u&if;ES;D f S df d f dk f jr‡KyfESHr_ FDI &jcif;ESifh r&jcif;om jzpfonf? UNCTAD .wGucsur_ f f t& wurBmvk;H FDI pkpaygi;f . 37 k &mckiEe;f om zG@H +zk;d qJEiirsm;ok@d pD; df _ dk f H 0ifonf? xkdokd@ pD;0if&mwGifvnf; tvG e f @ uk d rnD r r# pD ; 0if a ejcif ; jzpfonf? 1996 ckEpwe;f u xkd 37 S f k &mckiEe;f . ok;H ykwykonf w&kwjf ynf df_ H H wjynfxo@dk om pD;0ifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? J usefzGH@+zKd;qJEkdifiHwkd@rSmum; t&kd; t&if;om pm;&onfb0 qkua&muf h d f ae=u&onf? 1970 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1980 ckEprsm;wGif urBmv¸r;f +cKHa&; t&if; S f tES;D wk@d onf tvkyorm;or*~rsm; f ESihf zG@J z@JG pnf;pnf; jzpfaeaom tvkyf orm;tif t m;pk r sm;rS a0;&mok d @ xGuajy;cJ=h uonf? xkxwvya&; f d k f k f t&if;tES;D wk@d udk ta&S@ awmiftm&S Ekiirsm;uJo@dk aom zG@H +zk;d qJwi;f jynf dfH h dk rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jr‡yEr_ jyKvm=uonf? f HS (Armjynfvkd tvkyform;or*~ zGJ@ pnf;cGihf r&Saom/ tvkyorm;rsm;ukd d f &uf&ufpufpuf zdEyaeaom wki;f dS f d jynf o nf ol w k d @ t}uKd u f jzpf a e onf?) 'Dwi;f jynfrsm;rSmu ywf0ef; dk usifqkdif&mESifh usef;rma&;qkdif&m wm;jrpfcsuawG enf;onf? tvkyf f orm;or*~. pnf;rsO;f awGuvnf; awmif;qkcsuf edronf? txl;ojzifh d hf tqifvuf yk@d uexwvya&; vkyf h dk k f k f k f ief;pOfa'orsm; (EPZs) a'orsm; wGif jzpfonf? xkdpOfu xkda'o. xkwvya&;vkyief;rsm;Y ok;H pGaom f k f f J tvkyorm;rsm;. 80 &mckiEe;f rSm f df _ trsL;orD;tvkyorm;rsm; jzpfae=u d f onf? ta&S@awmiftm&S tpk;d &rsm; u trsdK;orD;tvkyform;rsm;tm; “ckdif;aumif;w,f”[kyif a=umfjim vk d u f = uao;onf ? txl ; ojzif h EkiipHk v#yppfvyief;aumfya&;&Si;f dfH f k f dk rsm;u 'Da'orsm;wGif aps;csKdaom trsK;d orD;tvkyorm;rsm;ukd &SmazG f ok;H pGchJ onf? J 1990 ckEprsm;a&mufawmh Sf ta&S@awmiftm&S tqifhvkduf ykd@ ukexwvya&; vkyief;pOfa'orsm; f k f kf f Y xk w f v k y f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;wG i f vkytm;xuf aiG&if;ukd ykro;Hk pG&wm f d dk J jzpfvmonfhtcg trsKd;orD;tvkyf orm;rsm;ukd z,f+yD; u|r;f usiaom f trsK;d om;vkytm;rsm;jzifh tpm;xk;d f vmjyefonf? onfwGif axmifESifh aomif ; ES i f h c sD a om tvk y f v uf r J h jzpfom;onfh trsK;d orD;rsm;rSm urBm G v¸r;f +cKa&; Globalisation qkwm}u;D H d xHrS ESpwcsK@d t}uD;tus,f aoG;pkyf f cHvu&jcif;rSwyg; wjcm; bmtusKd ; dk f tjrwfrS r&vku? d f 'gwif ruao;? urBmv¸r;f +cKHa&; t&if;onf 'D - tvkyorm; f aps;uG u f E S i f h tqif h v k d u f yk d @ uk e f xkwfvkyfa&; vkyfief;pOfa'orsm;Y 'ghxuf aysmhaysmif;vG,fulapa&;/ oufoma&;wkd@ukd &Smvm=uonf? txl ; ojzif h txnf c sKyf v k y f i ef ; rsm;ESihf &ufuef;pufrvyief;rsm;wGif _ kf xkwfvkyfa&;ukd puf&kHjyify qif;&J aom tvkyorm;rsm;. aetdro@dk f f ajymif;a&¸@r_rsm; ykdI vkyfvmonf? tdrfrsm;rSmqkdv#if tvkyform;awG wpkwpnf;wnf; r[kwfbJ woD; wjcm;pD uGJoGm;=uonf? tvkyf orm; or*~upawG ygrvmEkiawmh? dP df tvkyfvufrJh axmufyHha=u;awG/ 35
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ed*kH;? txufyg SACP . olw@dk ygwwi;f “aqG;aEG;&ef pmwrf;”onf D G u|efawmfwkd@twGuf avhvm&ef/ aqG; aEG;&ef tcsursm; yg0ifaeonf? f awmiftmz&duenf;wl Armjynf onfvnf; urBm}uD;xJu wEkdifiH jzpf o nf ? urB m v¸ r f ; +cKH a &; Globalisation ESihf qufpyfaeonf? tar&duefu pvkdufwJh pD;yGm;ysufuyfonf urBmv¸rf;+cKH aeqJ jzpfonf? r+y;D ao;? aemufquf wGJ tusytwnf;awGu ay:vmae f +yD? tiftm;}uD;t&if;&SiEiirsm;u f dk f H uk,tay: ydaewJh 0efxy0efy;dk awG d hf k f ukd olrsm;yck;H ay: wifay;zk@d tm;xkwf ae=uonf? “ukefoG,fa&;ppf”uae “Ekiia&;yg;pyf ppfx;dk yG” “yg0gtaysmh dfH J csi;f tm;+yKdiy”awG jzpfvmaeonf? f JG xk d @ a=umif h Ek d i f i H w umh a&;&mrsm;ukd u|eawmfw@dk qufvuf f +yD; rsm;rsm;avhvmoGm;zk@d vkrnfxif d ygonf? uk;d um;pmapmif? ? The Marxist, July-Sept 1998 rSm yg&whJ The dS
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LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
Comrades, if I don’t live to see the day - I mean,if I die before freedom comes take me away and bury me in a village cemetery in Anatolia.
The worker Osman whom Hassan Bey ordered shot can lie on one side of me, and on the other side the martyr Aysha, who gave birth in the rye and died inside of forty days.
Tractors and songs can pass below the cemetery in the dawn light, new people, the smell of burnt gasoline, fields held in common, water in canals, no drought or fear of the police. Of course, we won’t hear those songs: the dead lie stretched out underground and rot like black branches, deaf, dumb, and blind under the earth.
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But, I sang those songs before they were written, I smelled the burnt gasoline before the blueprints for the tractors were drawn.
As for my neighbors, the worker Osman and the martyr Aysha, they felt the great longing while alive, maybe without even knowing it.
Comrades, if I die before that day, I mean - and it’s looking more and more likely bury me in a village cemetery in Anatolia, and if there’s one handy, a plane tree could stand at my head, I wouldn’t need a stone or anything.
Nazim Hikmet, 27 April 1953 Moscow, Barviha Hospital
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2007 pD;yGm;a&;tusyftwnf;&J@ tqHk;t±_H;eJ@ }uD;rm;euf±d_if;r_ 2007 ckEpu tar&duefEiirm pwifjzpfym;cJwhJ pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;[m urBmp;D yGm;a&;tusytwnf;tjzpf Sf kd f H S G h f h f }uD;xGm;oGm;cJw,f? 2007 ckEpaEG&moDuae 2009 ckEprwfvtwGi;f rSm 'Dp;D yGm;a&;tusytwnf;u zsuq;D ypf h Sf Sf f f vduwhJ "eOpPmwefz;kd pkpaygi;f [m tar&duefa':vm 34³4 x&DvsH &Sygw,f? pawmh&,,maps;uGu[mvnf; k f k d S f f tedrq;kH rSwxd usqif;cJ&w,f? hf f h 2007 ckESpf atmufwdkbm 31 &ufae@rSm urBmwv$m; trsm;jynfola&mif;0,fazmufum;EdkifwJh ukr%awG&@J aps;uGuwefz;kd pkpaygi;f [m tar&duefa':vm 63 x&DvsH txd jrifrm;cJw,f? 2009 ckEpf rwfv ` D f k h h S tapmydi;f rSmawmh tJ'wefz;kd [m w0ufausmavsmusom;+yD; tar&duefa':vm 28³6 x&DvsyJ &Sawmhw,f? k D f h G H d tJ'q;kH ±H;_ oGm;wJh tar&duefa':vm 34³4 x&Dvs[m 2008 ckEpf tar&duefEii/H Oa&myor*~e@J *syefEiiw@kd &@J D H S kd f kd f H jynfwGif;pkpkaygif;xkwfukefwefzdk; (GDP) xuf ydkrsm;ygw,f? tJ'DqHk;±H_;oGm;wJh "eOpPmawG jyef&&Sdzdk@qdk&if tJ'a&S@wef;a&mufp;D yGm;a&;awGtaeeJ@ wESpukd pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wufrEe;f 5µ ywf0ef;usie@J rSerew;kd wufae&if D f _ _ f f S f awmifrS tcsdef q,fpkESpfwckavmuf vdktyfygw,f? 'gawmif pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnf usqif;r_awG rjzpfay:rSom &rSmjzpfygw,f? tar&duefe,l;a,mhcpawmh&,,maps;uGuf (NYSE Euronext (US)) &J@ t&if;pkyr[m 2007 ckEpf f S f kH _ S ZGevrSm tar&duefa':vm 16³6 x&DvsH &Sygw,f? 'g[m tJ'EptwGuf tar&duefEiiH (GDP) jzpfwhJ tar&duef f d DSf kd f a':vm 13³8 x&Dvsxuf ydrsm;ygw,f? 2009 ckEpf rwfvrSmawmh pawmhaps;uGu&@J t&if;wefz;kd [m xuf0uf H k S f ausmavsmusom;+yD; tar&duefa':vm 7³9 x&DvsyJ &Sygawmhw,f? tar&dueftraxmifpawG qH;k ±H;_ oGm;&wJh f h G H d d f k "ewefz;kd [m tar&duefa':vm 14 x&Dvs&+dS yD; 2008 ckEpf tar&duefEii&@J (GDP) eJ@ nDr#ygw,f? H S kd f H 'Dp;D yGm;a&;tusytwnf;[m tar&duefEiirm 2007 ckEpf Zlvirm pjzpfym;ayr,fh urBmaps;uGuf f kd f H S S kd f S G h udkawmh csufcsif;*,ufr±dkufygbl;? atmufwdkbmvusrSom tjynfht0*,uf±dkufygw,f? 'gawmif 2008 ckEpwESpwnf;rSmyJ Oa&my/ tmz&dueJ@ ta&S@tv,fyi;f pD;yGm;a&;awG&@J aps;uGut&if;tES;D tar&duefa':vm S f f kd f 10 x&DvsH qH;k ±H;_ cJ&w,f? tm&Suawmh 9³6 x&Dvscef@ qH;k ±H;_ cJw,f? h H h 'Dp;D yGm;a&;tusytwnf;u ±ke;f xGuEiz@kd twGuf tEdiEiiu tpd;k &awG[m u,fwifa&;pDrue;f awG/ f f kd f k f kd f H H d 48
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pD;yGm;a&;Ed;_ qGa&; pDrue;f pwmawGe@J tjcm;oH;k pGrawGtwGuf tar&duefa':vm 20 x&Dvsausmf oH;k pGcw,f? H d J _ H J hJ 'ga=umifh 2 ESpausmt=um 2009 ckEptukeavmufrmawmh pD;yGm;a&;wpHw&mwnf+irr_ &vmw,fv@kd qdygw,f? f f Sf f S k df k 'gawmif tckwavmrSm aemufwausmh pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_ jyefñuHO;D rvm;qdwhJ pd;k &droawG xGuvmaeygw,f? k f H f 'Dvxuaewmvnf; ta=umif;rJh r[kwyg? tvkyvufrEe;f u jrifrm;aeqJ jzpfygw,f? Ediitawmfrsm;rsm;&J@ kd G f f f hJ _ h kfH pD;yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;E_e;f [mvnf; tm;&p&mr&Sao;yg? d pwifay:ayguf}uD;xGm;vmyHk 1990 ckEpawGuwnf;u tar&duefEii&@J p;D yGm;a&;}u;D xGm;r_awG[m taºu;eJ@0,f,pm;oH;k r_awGa=umifh Sf kd f H l jzpfygw,f? 'DumvtwGi;f rSm tar&duefEiiom;awG&@J aºu;wifr[m t&ifra&mufz;l wJh tqiftxd a&muf&chJ kd f H _ h dS &w,f? t"dutm;jzifh tdraygiacs;aiGa=umife@J aºu;0,fu'fe@J 0,f,pm;oH;k r_awGa=umifh jzpfygw,f? 'g[m 0ifaiGe@J ff f h l "eOpPmydiqirawGrm rnDr#rawG wd;k yGm;vmaewJ=h um;u jzpfaewmyg? tar&duefEiirm taºu;eJ@0ifaiG tcsKd ;[m k f kd f _ S _ kd f H S 1960 ckEpawGe@J 1970 ckEpawGwe;f u 67µ &S&muae 1990 ckEpawGrmawmh 95³6µ jzpfvmygw,f? S f S f k d S f S 'Dvtaºu;eJ@pm;oH;k r_}uD;xGm;vmatmif t}uD;tus,pwif wGe;f tm;ay;vduwmuawmh 2000 ckEpf kd f k f S wke;f u tar&duefEiirm ay:aygucwhJ enf;ynmaps;uGuf (a'gur;f vd@k vlorsm;) pef;xcseu jzpfygw,f? wenf; kd f H S f hJ h G d df tm;jzifawmh pD;yGm;a&;ylazmif;wckayg? tJ'we;f u pawmhaps;uGuvnf; ta&mif;t0,faumif;cJw,f? ylazmif; h h D k f h qdwtwdi;f tcsewcka&mufawmh ayguawmhwmyJayg? 'ga=umifh 2001 ckEprm tar&duefEiirm pD;yGm;a&; k hJ k d f f h S f S kd f H S usqif;r_ (recession) jzpfw,f? pawmhaps;uGuvnf; usqif;òyuGjJ yefw,f? urBmp;D yGm;a&;vnf; aES;auG;oGm;w,f? f h 'Dawmh aemufxyfyazmif;wck xyf&m}uH+yD; zefw;D =ujyefygw,f? td;k tdraps;uGurm oGm;awG@ygw,f? l S f f S tdr+f cHajraps;uGu[m t}uD;tus,pef;x+yD; }uD;xGm;vmygw,f? 'Dve@J tar&duefrm pD;yGm;a&;emvefjyefx f f kd S vmw,f? tvm;wl urBmp;D yGm;a&;vnf; jyefO;D armhvmygw,f? 'Dvjkd zpfvmwmrSm 2001 ckEpf ZGevrSm orRw h S f a*smb&u tcGeawG t}u;D tus,f av#mcsvuwma=umif&,fe@J tar&duefA[db%fe@J jynfaxmifpt&efaiGa=u; h k fS f h kd f h k k Xmewd@k u twd;k E_e;f awG t}udr}f udrf av#mcsvuwmawGa=umifh jzpfygw,f? 2002 ckEpv,fyi;f uae 2006 h kd f S f kd ckESpftapmydkif;txd tar&duefrSm wu,fhtwdk;E_ef;[m tEkwfvuQ%mjyaewma=umifh taºu;}uD;xGm;r_udk jzpfapcJw,f? 2000 ckEprS 2008 ckEptwGi;f rSm taºu;eJ@0ifaiGtcsKd ;[m rñuHpzl; 130µ txda&mufcw,f? h S f S f hJ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;awG vGwvwvyfvyf&wma=umifa&m aiGjyefjzpfv,whJ tajctaeawGa=umifyg tdraygicH f G f dS h G f h f f aiGacs;wJb%fawGu twd;k E_e;f awGav#may;vmw,f? aiGacs;wJAsL[mawGvnf; pnf;urf;awG avsm&avsm&J h h h h d h jzpfvmw,f? 'Dve@J td;k tdr0,fvtm; aumif;vmcJw,f? tdraps;awGvnf; wufvmw,f? tdr+f cHajraps;uGuf kd f kd h f ylazmif;pwif ayguzm;vmawmhw,f? f G 2000 ckESpfuae 2005 ckESpftxd 5 ESpftwGif; zGH@òz;+yD;EdkifiHawGrSm aetdrfawG&J@ pkpkaygif;wefzdk;[m tar&duefa':vm 30 x&Dvs&&mu 70 x&DvsH jzpfvmw,f? wd;k vmwJyrm%[m tJ'EiiawGtm;vH;k &J@ jynfwi;f H dS h D kd f H G pkpaygi;f xkwuewefz;kd (GDP) eJ@ nDr#w,f? tcktraps;aumif;r_[m t&iftraps;aumif;r_awGukd ao;auG;oGm; k f kf df df apw,f? 'Dyazmif;[m 1990 ckEpawGaemufyi;f urBmpawmhaps;uGuyazmif;awGxufvnf; yd}k uD;w,f? 1920 l S f kd h f l ckEpaESmif;ydi;f tar&duefpawmhaps;uGuyazmif;xufvnf; ydomw,f? 'g[m ordi;f rSm t}uD;qH;k ylazmif;vd@k S f k f l k k ajym&r,fq+kd yD; tDaumaemrpfr*~Zif;}uD;u qdcw,f? k hJ tdr+f cHajraps;uGuyazmif; qufvuf&ioef}uD;xGm;aeapzd@k tdraygiaiGacs;olawG[m qyfy±di;f (subf l Sf f f k prime) vd@k ac:wJh aiGjyefqyfEiz@kd raocsmolawGukd owfrwaiGacs;pHEe;awGt& r[kwbJ aiGacs;wmawG vkyc=hJ u kd f S f _f f f w,f? pkpaygi;f aºu;+rDxrm tJ'vkd tEW&m,f&wacs;aiGawG&@J tcsKd ;[m wjznf;jznf; wd;k rsm;vmw,f? k J S D dS h J tJ'Dacs;aiGawGudk tdrfaygifaiGacs;wJhb%fawGu tpHktpHkwGJpyf+yD; pawmh&S,f,mvufrSwfawGtjzpf tjcm;b¾ma&;ukr%awGe@J t&eftwm;&efyaiGur%awG (hedge funds) udk a&mif;csw,f? a0gvrf;rtajcpduf ` D kH k ` D k 49
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vDrefntpfursm; (Lehman Brothers)/ bJ,mpwef; (Bear Stearns)/ r,f&vvifcsf (Merrill Lynch)/ armf*ef D kd D f h pwefav (Morgan Stanley) eJ@ *d;k vfrif;qufcsf (Goldman Sachs) pwJh &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfErb%f}u;D awGu 0,f,=l uw,f? HS _ 'Daemuf tJ'gawGukd twGtpyfawGvy+f yD; pD'tawG(Collateralised Debt Obligations or CDOs) pD'tufpf J k D kd D (Credit Default Swap CDS) awGtjzpf aiGa=u;aps;uGurm jyefvnfa&mif;cs=uygw,f? aºu;+rDtqifowfrwa&; fS h S f at*sipawGu tqiftwef;awG owfrway;w,f? qdvwmu 'Dtaºu;uqH;k ±H;_ Ediovm;/ tjrwf&Edivm; f D h S f k kd kf kf pwmawGukd ppfaq;owfrway;wmyg? olw@kd u 'Dp'tawGukd tqifaumif;aumif; owfrway;=uw,f? 'ge@J S f D D kd h S f tJ'D pD'tawGukd yifpif&efyaiGtzG@J awGe@J &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErur%awGu 0,f,=l uw,f? 2003 ckEprm tdraygiacs;aiG D kd kH HS _ k ` D S f S f f awGudk tajccHxm;wJh tJ'Dpawmh&S,f,mawG&J@wefzdk;[m tar&duefa':vm 2 x&DvsHausmf &Sdvmw,f? tJ'pawmh&,,mawGrm qH;k ±H;_ EdiwtEW&m,ftvGersm;wJ=h um;u &if;ED;S jr‡KyfErb%f}uD;awG[m tvGe±yaxG;wJh D S f S k f hJ f HS _ f_f qifym;rsm; (derivatives) tjzpfzefw;D +yD; aiGa=u;aps;uGurm tjcm;olrsm;udk jyefvnfa&mif;csae=uygw,f? h G f S jrefjrefe@J tjrwfrsm;rsm;&vd@k 0rf;omtm;& a&mif;0,faecJ=h uwm jzpfygw,f? 2007 ckEpf 'DZifbmrSm tJ'D pD'tufpawG pkpaygi;f &J@wefz;kd [m tar&duefa':vm 62 x&DvsH jzpfvm S D f k w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'p'tufpawGu ausmaxmufaemufcðH yxm;wJh tufquf (assets) wefz;kd u tar&duefa':vm DDD f 5 x&DvsyJ &Sygw,f? tJ'D 2007 ckEprm xif&m;wJh qifym;awG&@J pm&Guay:wefz;kd (nominal value) [m tar&duef H d SfS S hG f a':vm 516 x&DvsH &Sygw,f? urBmppaygi;f *s'y&@J q,fqeD;yg; jzpfygw,f? d h k k D D D tckvdk tdrfaygifacs;aiGawGudk qifhyGm;a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh 'Dacs;aiGawGrSmyg&SdaewJh qHk;±H_;EdkifwJh tEW&m,fawGukd jzef@a0vduwma=umifh olw@kd u,ow@kd umuG,ovdjk zpfapw,fv@kd tdraygiaiGxwacs;olawGe@J k f kd f l f f f k f &if;ES;D jr‡KyfErb%fawGu ,lq=uygw,f? wu,fu 'DtEW&m,fu vH;k 0aysmufom;wm r[kwv@kd 'Dt,ltq[m HS _ G f rSm;,Gi;f ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tJ'traygiacs;aiG jyefrqyfEiwmawG jzpfvmwJtcgrm 'Dacs;aiGawGe@J qufpyfae=uwJh D df f kd f h S aiGa=u;ukr%awGtm;vH;k xdcu=f uygawmhw,f? 2006 ckEprm tar&duefEii&@J tdraps;uGuyazmif;}u;D ayguuJG ` D kd SfS kd f H f fl f oGm;wJtcg wu,ftusytwnf;}u;D ay:ayguvmawmhw,f? acs;aiGjyefrqyfEiorsm;vm+y;D tdrawGukd +r&iawG h h f f kd f l f D Sf u jyefodrf;,lr_awG rsm;vmw,f? tdrfaps;uGufrSm a&mif;vdktm;omrsm;vm+yD; 0,fvdktm;u r&Sdawmhbl;? tdraps;E_e;f awG t}u;D tus,f xd;k usom;w,f? twd;k E_e;f awG wufvmw,f? 'Dve@J tdraygiaiGxwacs;ol &maygi;f f G kd f f k f rsm;pGm pD;yGm;ysu=f uw,f? tJ'txJrm tar&duefEii&@J tdraygiaiGacs;vkyief;rSm t}uD;rm;qH;k ukr%}D uD;jzpfwhJ D S kd f H f f f ` uef;x&D;0dkufzdkife,f&S,faumfydka&;&Sif;[m a'0gvDcH&udef;qdkufoGm;w,f? tjrwftpGef;rsm;rsm;&zdk@twGuf 'D qyfy±dkif;acs;aiGtay:tajccHwJh &S,f,mawG t}uD;tus,f0,f,ljr‡KyfESHcJhwJh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_b%f}uD;awGvnf; }uD;rm;wJq;kH ±H;_ r_awG ñuHawG@=uawmhw,f? h 2008 ckESpf pufwifbmvrSm pwkwˆt}uD;qHk;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_b%f}uD;jzpfwJh vDrefnDtpfudkrsm;b%f a'0gvc&r_u tar&duefEii&@J b¾maiGa=u;tusytwnf;&J@ }uD;rm;euf±i;f r_ukd azmfjywJh rSwwiwck jzpfap DH kd f H f _d f kd f cJw,f? tar&dueftpd;k &&J@ =um;0ifaqmif&uay;r_e@J r,f&vvifcs&if;ES;D jr‡KyfErb%fukd tar&duefb%f (Bank h G f D f h f HS _ of America) u 0,f,vuw,f? zefeareJ@z&uf'ruf ukr%}D uD;awGuawmh òyvJr'%fu umuG,z@kd twGuf l kd f D D ` kd _ f Ediiyivyvu&w,f? urBmt}uD;qH;k tmrcHur%}D uD;jzpfwhJ attdi*sur%}D uD;udawmh qufvuf&yfwnf k f H kd f k f kd f h k ` kf D k ` k vnfywfEiz@kd twGuf tar&dueftpd;k &u a':vm 85 bDvsH yHy;kd ay;cJ&w,f? tjcm;a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&Sif kd f h h Edii}H uD;awGrm&SwhJ b%fawGe@J b¾maiG=u;qdi&mukr%}D uD;awGvnf; xdcuq;kH ±H;_ r_awG jzpf=u&w,f? 'Dve@J kf S d kf ` kd f kd urBmvH;k qdi&m b¾maiGa=u;tusytwnf;}uD; jzpfay:apawmhw,f? kf f tckacwfp;D yGm;a&;avmurSm wu,fp;D yGm;a&;qdwhJ ukexwvyre@J 0efaqmifrawGxuf tJ'b¾m h k f k f k f _ _ D aiGa=u;aps;uGurm avmif;upm;ae=uwmu tqrwefyrsm;aeygw,f? 1980 ckEprm tJ'b¾mtufquf f S kd S f S D wefz;kd u urBmxwvyrxuf 109µ &S+d yD; 2005 ckEprm 316µ &Sygw,f? aemuf+yD; óua&mif;óu0,fqwhJ (Fuh k f k f _ S f S d kd tures Market) aps;uGufuvnf; rD;avmif&m avyifhay;aewmygyJ? ArmjynfrSmvnf; 'Dvdka&mif;0,fr_udk avywfum;ta&mif;t0,fq+kd yD; vkyae=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh a&$e@J yaps;uGurm jzpfygw,f? 'Dta&mif;t0,f f J f S 50
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a=umifh Armjynfyaps;uGuf ysuom;cJ&ygao;w,f? tckvkd wu,fp;D yGm;a&;xuf b¾maiGa=u;aps;uGurm J f G h h f S avmif;upm;qefqef a&mif;0,fazmufum;ae=uwma=umifh tckvkd tusytwnf;qdu=f u&wmyg? f k 'Dtusyftwnf;}uD;jzpf&wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; xif&Sm;wJh vwfwavmta=umif;tcsuf 2 csufudk awG@&ygw,f? wcsuu aps;uGurm t&if;&Si}f uD;awG[m pnf;rJurf;rJh a&mif;0,fazmufum;=uwm jzpfygw,f? f f S h pD;yGm;a&;vkyfw,fqdkwmxuf tavmif;tpm;ydkqefaeygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; tckacwfpD;yGm;a&;udk umpDEdk pD;yGm;a&; wenf;ajym&&if avmif;upm;pD;yGm;a&;vdk@ ac:ae=uwm jzpfygw,f? aps;upm;avmif;upm;wJh t&if;&Sipepf (specutative Capitalism) vd@k vnf; ac:=uygw,f? f aemufwcsuu aºu;+rDawG t}uD;tus,f wif&aer_yg? tJ'taºu;awG jyefrqyfEiwmeJ@ pD;yGm;a&; f dS D kd f avmuwckv;kH *sr;f jzpfue=f uwmyg? tckvkd taºu;wifae=uwm[m vlwOD;csi;f wifruygb;l tar&dueftpd;k & k tygt0if tpd;k &tzG@J awG tawmfrsm;rsm; aºu;+rDrsm;jym;ae=uwmyg? t&if;&J@wefckd;tmEkabmf tusytwnf;wck jzpfvm+yDq&if tpd;k &u aps;uGuukd 0ifxe;f &r,f/ xde;f uGyrawG (regulation) f kd f d f _ vkyf&r,fqdkwJh t,ltqbufu toHawGu tm;omvm=uwwfygw,f? 'gayrJh wpHkw&mwnf+idrfr_av; &vm+yDq&if aps;uGuuvwxm;ay;a&; t,ltqu jyefae&m,lvmwmygy? wenf;ajym&&if xde;f uGyrawG kd f kd $ f J f _ vkya&; (regulation) eJ@ rvkya&; (deregulation) ygy? aps;uGutwGi;f rSmawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh pnf;rJurf;rJh f f J f h a&mif;0,fazmufum;ae=uwm rsm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifvnf; tckvkd tusytwnf;}u;D awG wck+y;D wck ay:vmae h f wmyJ jzpfygw,f? tckvkd pnf;rJurf;rJh a&mif;0,fazmufum;ae=uwmudk tpd;k &awGu bma=umifvway;xm; h h $ f =uwmvJ? atmufygZ,m;av;ud=k unf&if tawmfav; tajzay:oGm;rSmyg? tar&duefEiirm pD;yGm;a&;ukr%}D uD; h kd f H S ` awGu EdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk ay;aewJh&efyHkaiGpm&if;udkjywJh Z,m;yg? 'Dxufydk+yD; tao;pdwfodcsifolawG (www.opensecrets.org) rSm oGm;=unfEiygw,f? h kd f
vkyi ef;u¾ f pawmh&, ,mvkyi ef;rsm;rS S f f &if;ES;D jr K‡ yE rb%frsm;rS f SH _ tmrcHvy ief; ukr %r sm;rS k f ` D pm&if; tif; ukr %r sm;rS ` D Ediia&;orm;rsm;odk@ kfH (tar&du efa':vmoef; aygif;) 512 155 221 81 avmfbvy ay;rnfo rsm;odk@ D k f h l (tar&du efa':vmoef;aygi;f ) 600 383 1002 122
+yD;cJwhJ q,fpEptwGi;f rSm tar&duefaiGa=u;vkyief;}uD;awG (a0gvrf;r}uD;) u tar&duefEiia&; h k S f f kd f H avmutwGuf a':vm 1³7 bDvsH tuketusccw,f? a&G;aumufy&efyaiGqwacgi;f pnf;eJ@ ay;cJ=h uwmyg? f H hJ J G kH kd h J 'DaiGawGukd tar&dueforRwutp atmufvwawmftrwfawGtxd cGa0&=uwm jzpfygw,f? a0gvrf;r}uD;u $ f J tJ'aiGawGtjyif aemufxyf tar&duefa':vm 3³4 bDvsukd avmfbvyief;awGtwGuf toH;k ðyygw,f? bm D H D k f twGuf avmfbvyrvJ qdwmuawmh &Si;f ygw,f? xde;f uGyrawG zsuor;f a&;(deregulation) twGuygy? tJ'D D k f k f _ f d f J avmfbtwGuf ukeusaiGawG[m avmfbvyay;olrsm;&J@twxcsn;f a&mufwm r[kwb;l qdwmvnf; aocsm D f D k f d f J f k ygw,f? tJ'vkd pkpaygi;f tar&duefa':vm 5³1 bDvsH tuketusccwtwGuf a0gvrf;r}u;D taeeJ@ b,fvtusKd ; D k f H hJ hJ kd 51
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emrnf}uD;a0gvrf;reJ@ EGm;odk;±kyfwk pD;yGm;awG jyef&cJygovJ? wcsKd @ukd atmufrmazmfjyvduygw,f? h S k f • 1983 ckEprm b¾maiGa=u;vkyief;}uD;awGu oabmwlcsrwvuwhJ b%fawGe@J tjcm;aumfya&;&Si;f S f S f S f kd f kd }uD;awG taeeJ@ olw@kd &@J aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;rSm qH;k ±_;H aewJh tufqufawGukd z,fxwxm;Edicipnf;rsO;f udk k f k f G hf a&*iftpd;k &u ruef@uubJ oabmwlciðhf ycJw,f? &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEr,foawGe@J trsm;jynfoawGukd 'Dq;kH ±H;_ G f G h HS h l l tufqufawGta=umif; zH;k uG,xm;EdiapcJw,f? f kf h • 1998 ckEpe@J 2000 ckEpt=um;rSm b¾maiGa=u;qdi&mqifym;awG (derivatives) tay: xde;f uGyf S f S f kf h G uef@owfr_awG (regulation) vkyfzdk@ óu;pm;r_awGudk uvifweftpdk;&eJ@atmufv$wfawmfwdk@[m t}udr}f udrywq@kd [ef@wm;cJw,f? f d f h • 1999 ckEprm tar&duefue*&ufu b%fawGtaeeJ@ &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEre@J tmrcHvyief;awG vkyuiciukd S f S G f HS _ k f f kd f G hf ydwyifxm;wJh pD;yGm;ysuuyfumvOya'udk jyef±yor;f vduw,f? 'ga=umifb%fawG[m wGuqavmif; f f kf d k f h f upm;wJh aiGa=u;vkyief;awGjzpfwhJ qifym;ta&mif;t0,fpwmawGrm 0ifa&mufvyuici&oGm;cJw,f? f hG S k f kd f G hf h • 'Dq,fpEptapmydi;f umvawGrm twd;k E_e;f odoomom edruswmudk tcGiaumif;,l+yD; tdrypm;awGe@J kSf k S d hf hf f JG b%fvyief;&Si}f uD;awG[m owfrwt&nftcsi;f rjynfrwoawGukd avsm&avsm&pnf;urf;csuawGe@J kf S f h D hJ l h d h J f aiGacs;+yD; tdra&mif;0,fvyc=hJ uw,f? 'gawGukd owdðyrdayr,fh oufqi&mjynfaxmifpat*sipawGu f kf kd f k fD
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tcsdefrD ta&;,laqmif&Gufr_awG rðyvkyfcJh=uygbl;? ydkqdk;wmu 'Dvdkpnf;rJhurf;rJhaiGacs;ae=uwmudk jynfe,ftpdk;&awGu Oya'ðy+yD; 0ifa&muf[ef@wm;zdk@ óu;pm;cJhw,f? 'gayrJh 'DOya'awG w&m;r0if jzpfatmif bk&tpd;k &u =um;0ifvyaqmifcw,f? fS k f hJ • 1980 ckEpe@J 2005 ckEpt=um;rSm b¾maiGa=u;avmutwGi;f ukr%}D uD;awGt=um; aygi;f pnf;r_e@J S f S f ` 0,f,or;f oGi;f r_awG t}udraygi;f 11˜500 jzpfay:cJygw,f? 'Dve@J tar&duefb¾maiGa=u;pepf}uD;udk l d f h kd vufwqkyfpmb%f}uD;awGu óu;udkiftkyfpD;cGifh&oGm;apw,f? tqufqufaomtpdk;&awGu 'Dvdk aygi;f pnf;r_awGukd vuf0g;}uD;tkywm;jrpfa&;Oya' (Antitrust laws) eJ@ wm;jrpfz@kd rvkyc=hJ ubl;? &v'f f f uawmh òyifqirenf;vmwJtwGuf pm;oH;k olawGtwGuf E_e;f xm;awG yd}k uD;vmw,f? tJ'b%f}uD; kd f _ h D awGxu b%fwckcom òyvJc&if b¾maiGa=u; avmu}uD; wckv;kH òyvJr,ftEW&m,f yd}k uD;vmw,f? J k hJ h (tck jynfo@l b¾maiGawGe@J u,fwifa&;vky&mrSm ody}f u;D vGe;f wJtwGuf tòyvJrcHEib;l vd@k qd=k uw,f f h kd f r[kwvm;?) f • aumfya&;&Si;f }uD;awG&@J t&nftaoG;eJ@vðkH cHpwcs&r_ (&if;ES;D jr‡KyfEz@kd oifroif) udk tqifowfrway;wJh kd d f HS h h h S f yk*vu tqiftuJjzwfur%D (Rating Firms) awGtay:rSm &if;ES;D jrK‡ yfoawGomrubl; tpd;k &ud,Euf ~ d h k` l k f _d uyg tm;xm;ae=uw,f? cufwmu 'DtqiftuJjzwfur%awGukd tqifowfrwz@kd aiGay;aewmu h k ` D h S f olw@kd tqifowfrway;&r,fh ukr%awGyJ jzpfw,f? tJ'awmh 'DtqifowfrwcsuawG A&rf;Awm h S f ` D D h S f f jzpfaewm bmrSrqef;awmhb;l ayg? tJ'tqifowfrwwhJ ukr%awGukd xde;f uGyrawG rvkyatmif h D h S f ` D f _ f avmfbvyief;u aumif;aumif;umuG,xm;Edicw,f? D k f f k f hJ 'gawGudk=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh bma=umifhaps;uGufrSm pnf;rJurf;rJhjzpfae&wmvJqdkwm v,fjyifrSm qifom;ovdk xif&m;aeyg+yD? 'g[m tar&duefEiiwckxrm jzpfaewm r[kwygb;l ? a&S@wef;a&muf t&if;&Sif G S kd f H J S f Edii}H uD;awGtm;vH;k rSm 'Dvygy? t&if;&Si}f uD;awGe@J t&if;&Sitpd;k &awG[m t+rD;csi;f vdrxm;=uwmyg? kf kd J f f pm;oHk;r_tm;ay;a&;
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t&if;&Sipepfu pm;oH;k r_ukd txl;tm;ay;ygw,f? 'grvnf; olw@kd tusKd ;tjrwfawG &rSmud;k ? rsm;rsm; f S 0,f,lpm;oHk;av tjrwftpGef;&avrdk@ 0,f,lpm;oHk;=uatmif enf;rsdK;pHkeJ@ vHk;yef;tm;xkwfygw,f? tckvdk *vdb,fvvuaZ;&Si;f acwfrmawmh 0,f,pm;oH;k a&;,Ofaus;r_[m urBmywfae+yD jzpfygw,f? k f kd f S l t&if;&SiawGu 0,f,pm;oH;k r_ukd tm;ay;w,fqayr,fh vlawG0ifaiGw;kd vmatmif vkyay;wJenf;/ f l kd f h vkycvpmawG wd;k ay;wJenf;udawmh aoravmufa=umuf+yD; twwfEiq;kH a&Smifygw,f? tJ'tpm; aiGacs;+yD; f h k kd f D oH;k pG=J uzd@k ukd tm;ay;ygw,f? 'Dve@J aºu;+rDxajymvmawmhwmayg? vlwOD;csi;f awGomru tar&dueftpd;k & kd l h tygt0if tpd;k &tawmfrsm;rsm;yg taºu;xlvm=uwm jzpfygw,f? tar&duefEii&@J taºu;[m tar&duef kd f H a':vm 15 x&DvsH &Sygw,f? bwf*suvaiGjyr_[m *s'y&@J 13µ &Sygw,f? *sD 20 tzG@J 0ifEiiawG&@J aºu;[m d f kd D D D d kd f H *s'y&@J 100µ ausmae+yD jzpfygw,f? tpd;k &awG taºu;xlwmvnf; 0ifaiGxuaiGrr#v@kd ygy? tcGeawGav#may;awmh DDD f G f J f h 0ifaiGavsmawmhwmayg? tckp;D yGm;a&;tusytwnf;a=umifh ukr%}D uD;awG u,fwifa&;eJ@ pD;yGm;a&;Ed;_ xa&;awG h h f ` 53
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twGuf aiGawGyo;kH ae&awmh xGuaiGu ydrsm;vmw,f? wzufrmvnf; vlrr+idroufrawG rjzpfatmif vlr_ kd f k S _ f _ zlva&;p&dwpwmawGukd tpd;k &u tuketuscvyay;&wmawG &Sw,f? kH f f H k f d t&if;&SiawGu vkycvpmawG rwd;k ay;wm[m rwd;k ay;Ediv@kd vm;? 'grr[kwf rwd;k ay;csiv@kd vm;? f f kf S f vkycvpmta=umif;/ 0ifaiGta=umif; ajymr,fq&if urBm@OpPm"eawG cJa0r_ta=umif;udk wGajymrS jynfprm f kd G J h kH S jzpfygw,f? 0ifaiGESifh urBmhOpPm"ecGJa0r_rnDr#jcif; &&SaewJh vkycvpmawG[m xduwefovm;/ w&m;r#w&J@vm;qdwm urBmOpPm"eawGca0r_u=kd unf&if d f k f k h JG h odEiw,fv@kd yJ ,lqygw,f? 'Dae@ urBmOpPm"ecGa0r_uawmh tvGeukd wzufapmif;eif;jzpfaewm vlwi;f odae kd f h J f kd ajymae=uwm jzpfygw,f? qif;&Jcsr;f omuGm[r_/ 0ifaiGum[r_awG[m tvGeu}kd uD;rm;aeygw,f? G f wzufygZ,m;udk =unfyg? tar&duefEii&@J 2004 ckEpf OpPm"eydiqirujkd ywJZ,m; jzpfygw,f? h kd f H S k f kd f _ h 'DZ,m;udk=unfh&if tar&duefEdkifiH&J@ tcsrf;omqHk;xdyfqHk; 1µ [m OpPm"epkpkaygif;&J@ 34³3µ udk ydiqiw,f? ol@atmuf 4µ u OpPm"epkpaygi;f &J@ 24³6µ udk ydiqiw,f? atmufq;kH 40µ &J@ ydiqiruawmh k f kd f k k f kd f k f kd f _ OpPm"epkpaygi;f &J@ 0³2µ yJ &Sygw,f? k d 'g[m tar&d u ef wEdkifiHwnf; uGm[aewm r[kwf ygbl;? 2007 ckESpfxkwf okawoe pmwrf; wapmif (Center for Global,
International and Regional
t& qd k & if urBmhtcsrf;omqHk;xdyfqHk; 2µ u wurB m vH k ; &J @ pk p k a ygif ; OpP m "e&J @ w0ufausmukd ydiqiygowJ? xdyf f k f kd f h qHk; 5µ eJ@ wGuf&if urBmhpkpkaygif; OpPm"e&J@ 71µ jzpf+yD; xdyq;kH 10µ f eJ@wGuf&ifawmh 85µ jzpfygw,f? vlO;D a&pkpaygi;f &J@ 50µ ausm&whJ k f dS atmufwef;rSm&SdolawG&J@ ydkifqdkifr_ uawmh urBmppaygi;f OpPm"e&J@ 1µ h k k omomav;yJ &Sygw,fw? d hJ
Studies in 2007)
urBmb%fuxkwwhJ urBmz@HG òz;r_ h f h t!ïe;f ude;f rsm; (2010) t& 2005 54
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ckESpfrSm zGH@òz;qJEdkifiHawGtwGuf tv,ftvwfqif;&Jr_vdkif;udk wae@0ifaiG tar&duefa':vm 2 a':vm owfrww,f? tJ'D 2 a':vmatmuf0ifaiG&o[m 1981 ckEprm vlO;D a&pkpaygi;f &J@ 70µ &S&mrS 2005 ckEprmawmh S f dS l SfS k d SfS 47µ ok@d usqif;oGm;w,f? 'gayrJh ta&twGuuawmh oef; 2500 (urBmvO;D a&pkpaygi;f &J@w0ufcef@) ywf0ef;usif f h l k rSmyJ quf&aew,f? tcsKd ;tpm;eJ@ta&twGuf avsmusom;wm[m t"du ta&S@tm&Se@J ypdzwa'owd@k a=umifh dS h G d f jzpfw,f? 'Dae&mrSm t"duOD;aqmifaewmuawmh w±kwjf ynf jzpfygw,f? usea'oawGrmawmh wae@ 2 a':vm f S atmuf 0ifaiG&ol ta&twGu[m wd;k vmaeygw,f? 2009 ckEprm urBmp;D yGm;a&;}uD;xGm;r_ aES;auG;wma=umifh dS f SfS h wae@ 2 a':vmatmuf0ifaiG&ol 57 oef; wd;k vmr,fv@kd qdygw,f? dS k 'DtcsuawGu=kd unf&if vltrsm;u vH;k yef;tm;xkw+f yD; xGu&vmwJh OpPm"et00udk vlenf;pkav;uyJ f h f dS vuf0g;}uD;tky&,lyiqiaewm &Si;f aeygw,f? 'g[m jzpfvnf;rjzpfoifovdk w&m;r#wr_vnf; r&Sygb;l ? 'D=um; f kd f kd f h d xJu vlawG[m &wJ0ifaiGe@J r#atmifroH;k bJ toH;k tpG=J urf;vd@k taºu;awGwif&mu tckvkd pD;yGm;a&;tusyf h twnf;}uD; qdu&wmjzpfw,fv@kd pGypr,fq&if w&m;ygrvm;? k f f JG kd h ed*Hk; t&if;&Sipepfukd tjrwf&vdwhJ avmbaZmeJ@ armif;eSiaewm jzpfygw,f? tjrwftpGe;f &zd@k twGuq&if f k f f kd t&if;&SiawG[m bmudrS axmufxm;aerSm r[kwygb;l ? bezl;oduw;l =urSm jzpfygw,f? rmhupu t&if;&Sif f k f k f f f awG[m tjrwftpGe;f &zk@d q&if bmrqdvy=f urSmjzpfw,f? aemufq;kH pufwiawmifwufrm jzpfw,fv@kd ajymcJw,f kd k k kd f S h r[kwvm;? tck 2007 pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;[mvnf; tJ'avmbaZmeJ@ vkyui=f u&mu jzpfvm&wmygy? f f D f kd J tck 'Dtusytwnf;}uD;u wpHw&mjyefemvefxvm+yDv@dk ajymaeygw,f? 'gayrJh tvkyvufrawG f k l f hJ rsm;aewke;f jzpfovdk pD;yGm;a&;wd;k E_e;f uvnf; aES;auG;wke;f jzpfygw,f? tditrftufzuawmh (World Economic kf f Outlook 2010 April) rSm pD;yGm;a&;emvefxr_[m ar#mre;xm;wmxuf tajctaeaumif;w,fv@kd qdygw,f? f S f k urBm}h uD;xGm;r_Ee;f [m 4³25 &Sr,fv@kd cef@re;f ygw,f? 'gayrJh wEdiie@J wEdiiH }uD;xGm;r_Ee;f awG uGm[ae=uw,fv@kd _ d S kfH kf _ qdygw,f? pD;yGm;a&;rwnfr+idrf jzpfr,ftEW&m,f avsmenf;oGm;ayr,fh wnf+idrr[m raocsmao;bl;vd@k vnf; k h h f _ owday;ygw,f? aemufwausmh pD;yGm;a&;jyefusqif;r_ (double-dip recession) jzpfvmEdiw,fv@kd wcsKd @p;D yGm;a&; kf ynm&SiawGu owday;aewmvnf; &Sygw,f? f d t&if;&Sipepfrm 'Dvp;D yGm;a&;uyfawGjzpfwm rqef;ygb;l ? b,fawmhrS aysmufrmvnf; r[kwyg? +yD;cJwhJ f S kd S f h ESpf (30) twGi;f urBmEiitoD;oD;rSm pD;yGm;a&;tusytwnf;aygi;f 125 }udrf jzpfcygw,f? aemifrmvnf; h kd f H f hJ S xyfjzpfOD;rSmygy? J t&if;&SipepftwGi;f vlrrnDr#rawG/ qif;&Jrawr_awGtjyif urBmobm0ywf0ef;usiysup;D r_uvnf; f _ _ JG h f f tawmfq;kd aeyg+y? urBm}u;D twGuf t&if;&Sipepf[m txduwefq;kH pepfjzpfw,f/ aemufq;kH yef;wdijf zpfw,fqwm D f k f k kd r[kwygb;l ? 'Dxufaumif;rGeom,mr#wwJh urBm}uD;udk u|eawmfw@kd wnfaqmufEiygw,f? f f f kd f
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