Page 0: Page 1: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 1 (yxrwGJ) rmwdum ---- pmtkyfwGifyg0ifolrsm;.udk,fa&;tusOf;csKyf// pma&;ol.ed'gef;pum;// aerwjnid>nj\\ pnf;pHepf=uD;ol//udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;aomOuUX=uD;// rSwfom;bG,faumif;aomAkdvfcsKyfjrpum;//vdrfnmwJhyifvkHpmcsKyf// rmemyavmpmcsKyfeSifhu|efkyfqkawmif;// 5 12 19 21 tcef;(1) tcef;(2) 35 OuUX=uD;. *k%faus;Zl;udkatmif;arhowd&=ujcif;// ekdifoef;wif. ekdifiHa&;b0//vuf0JnDnGwfa&;okH;ygwDnDvmcH/ 1958-rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tvif;0ifyGJ// wyfOD;.trSKaqmifopf//1960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyJ/G / rGefoHCmtzGJ@a=ujimpmwrf;// jynfe,ft=uHay;tzGJ@eSifhrGefvl=uD;wkd@.qEN// armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om;or*~zGJ@pnf;/ 1961-aumvdyfrGeftoif; trSKaqmif// rif;0if;xdefeSifhpwifqkHqnf;// tcef;(3) 69 wyfOD;.=udK;yrf;rSK//rGefvlxkpkpnf;nDnGwfvm//rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwD//jynfe,fay;a&;OD;ek.rlopf(5)&yf//0ef=uD;jzpfvmaomekdifatmifxGef;// 1961-ckeSpfawmif=uD;jrdK@jynfe,faygif;pkHnDvmcH// wyfOD;tvif;0ifvmjcif;tay:ekdfifcsrf;.oabmxm;// usm;pmau|;cH&aomedkfifcsrf;// tcef;(4) 86 wyfOD;trsdK;oRD;rdwifh//armfvjrdKifc&kdifrGefausmif;ol/om;rsm;toif;zGJ@pnf;jcif;// aumhbdef;pnf;&kH;a&;c&D;pOf// wm0efausaomrsdK;cspfrGefvli,fwOD;// rif;0if;xdef.trsdK;om;a&;tjrif//trsdK;om;0g'// ArmudkvdkeDvufopf0g'// Page 2: 2 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 112 tcef;(5) AuouGefz&if//OD;oGif.rGefjynfe,fqef@usifqENjyyGJ//rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; aumfrwD.rGefjynfe,fqENjyyGJ=uD;// wkdifwvkH;tdrfykdif&Sif//rGefpHoltkwf*l// ppfwyfrStm%modrf;jcif;// rmHaw;ta=umif;// ekdifausmfat;eSifhaqG;aeG;cef;// (7)Zlvkdifta&;cif;// rGefausmif;om; awmckd&ef pdwftm;oef// xkH;tkdif&GmaEG&moDoifwef;// jidrf;csrf;a&;urf;vSrf;csuf// awmwGif;ukd,fpm;vS,feSifhedkifa&$usif&efukefa&muf// tcef;(6) 146 OuUX=uD;ta=umif;pkaqmif;&SmazG//i,fcspfu|rf;aqGrd=unfcifxl;///rsdK;cspfrGefoRD;ysdKwOD;//ra tmifjrifaomjidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ// rif;armifwif.ay;pm// rif;0if;xdef.jidrf;csrf;a&;tjrif// edKifa&$usif.awmwGif;taexm;// 161 tcef;(7) urm0ufaps;a&mif;yGJ//edkifa&$usif.i,fpOfb0//&mrntzGJ@wGif;jy\em// rGefzkd;csdKeSifh rGefoef; &mrnrSxGuf// rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;zGJ@// rGefvli,ftzGJ@// rGeftrsdK;om;ae@// zqyv.a&G;aumufyJ/G / rGefvlrsdK;wkd@oydwfarSmuf// zqyvtrwfeSifhtjydKiff// wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;uGJjyJ// jynfaxmifpkrGef// rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@// trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csuf// zqyv.vlenf;pkrl// ‘rGefudkwywf&kduf’// wkdif;&if;om;a=ujimcsuf// tcef;(8) 188 rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf// usdKufokwfrGefvlxk&Sif;vif;yGJ=uD;// rGefjynfe,fawmif;qkdrSK// tiftm;opfrGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;// rGefvli,f.f awmif;qkdcsufrsm;// &GmvGwf&Gmwkdif;&if;om; A[kdtpnf;a0;// ,kd;',m;cspf=unfa&;c&D;// rGefeSpfzGJ@aygif;pnf;nDnGwfrSK// apmbOD;=uD;. tiftm;jya&;t=uH// rGefeSifhu&iftajcaerwl// Zmojyifta&;awmfykH// edkifbvGifwkd@ zrf;qD;cH&// &JcsKyfAdkvfcsKyfxGef;vSatmifeSifh awG@qkHyJ/G / armfvjrdKifudk rGef-u&ifodrf;// tpdk;&. 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qkH;&SKH;aomae@// xdkif;rGefwkd@.xl;qef;aom‘waygif/’// A*kd;&kd;ruoufaownf// crf;em;aomrGefwkd@.[Hom0wD// a&mifeDuGefjrLepfpcef;// tysdK=uD;rwifh// a0gq&mawmf// edkifa&$usiftwGufarwWmpm// tydkif;(11) 286 uGefjrLepfygwDeSifhvlrsdK;pkwyfaygif;pkzJ@G // zqyvtpdk;&eSpfjcrf;uGJ// rGefwyfOD;rl0g'ajymif;vJ&efajcvSrf;// edkifa&$usif.owday;pm// edkifxGef;cif. tjyefc&D;// edkifa&$usif.wm;jrpfpm// tvif;0ifa&;wyfO;D =udK;yrf;// wyfOD;. tvif;0iftcrf;em;// rGefjynfopfygwDzJ@G pnf;jcif;// wyfOD;tvif;0ifwJhtay: ekdifa&$usif. tjrifoabmxm;// tceff; (12) 308 wa,mufxJuseftvHrvSJaomOuUX=uD;//wukd,fawmfc&D;onf// u&ifpcef; odk@a&muf//armfvjrdKifc&kdifeSifhoxkHc&kdifpnf;&kH;e,fajr//okH;ygwDaqG;aEG;yGJ// ajy;&v$m;&// r'nwzGJ@pnf;jcif;// rdrda'oodk@tjyef// a'ocHawGu=udKqkd// edkif"rRaeeSihfu&ifyÉdyuQ// jynfol@wyfOD;eSifhwkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;jcif;// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJ// &ckdifrGefjynfe,fta&;//ppfwyfrStm%modrf;ydkufjcif;// Page 4: 4 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 333 tcef;(13) edkifa&$usifta=umif;jyD;jynfhpkH// jidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJysuf// rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;zrf;qD;cH&jcif;// rGefausmif;om;rsm;vSsdK@0Sufpnf;a0;// rGefausmif;om;toD;oD;wkd@.awmfvSefa&;tjrif// awmfvSefa&;orm;- 'kd@rGefausmif;om;// rGefausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;tay:okH;oyfcsuf// rif;ausmfat;ta=umif;jyefajymif;ajym=u// tcef;(14) 354 rGefjynfopfacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;okH;oyfrdjcif;// udk,fhudk,fudka0zefqkH;r// rif;xGef;azeSifhrif;om&ifudkpHxm;//&mZm"d&mZfrif;eSifh rGefol&Jaumif;rsm;tm; wrf;wrdjcif;//ppftpdk;&eSifhwyfaygif;pk aqG;aEG;yGJysuf// rGefausmif;olrsm;tm; awG@qkH// arA,feSifhjyif;ysaompdwfqEN// tcspfa&;wGif OD;a%Smufjzifh qkH;jzwfol// rGefvlrsdK;tay:arA,f.tjrif// rGefjynfopfygwD.oD;jcm;aqG;aeG;rSK/ aemufqufwJGrsm; (u) &mrnwdkif;vkH;qkdif&mrGeftzGJ@csKyftajccHOya'pnf;rsOf; (c) rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.tajccHOya'pnf;rsOf; gl.njtcjgu%j ukd;um;aompmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; 373 382 392 394 (*) (C) Page 5: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 5 pmtkyfYyg0ifaomyk*~dKvfwkd@.udk,fa&;tusOf;/ 1963-ckeSpfa&S@ydkif; rif;0if;xde/f usKHu'gwf&Gm/Zmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ aumvdyfausmif;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfOD; acgif;aqmif/ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif// rif;armifwif/ uavmhaomhZmwd/ &efukefwuUodkvf(bDat)wef;ausmif;om; /&efukefwuUodkvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif// 1963-ckeSpfaemufykdif; 1963-ckeSpfwGif/ zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1964-ckeSpfwGif axmifrS vGwfvmonf// &efukefvkyfom;aumvdyfY ynmoif=um; &if;/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD tzGJ@0ifjzpf vmonf// 1966-ckeSpfyJcl;&dk;r uGefjrLepf pcef;odk@awmckdcJhol// 1964-ckeSpfrSm udk0if;a,mf/ rif;xGef;azwdk@ twlawmodk@oGm;cJhonf//wdwfwckd;jyef0if vmonf/aemufydkif;1969-ckeSpfrSm awmckd/ rGefjynfopfygwDeSifh/ yl;aygif;cJhonf// 1971 - ckeSpfwGif/ rGefjynfopfygwDrS/ cGJxGuf jyD; bdwfpcef;udkxlaxmif// 1966-ckeSpfrSm zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;cH&onf// zrf;qD;cH&pOf/ armfvjrdKif trSwf(5) ppfaxmuf vSefa&;pcef;Y nSif;yrf; eSdyfhpuf cH&ojzifh aoqkH;oGm;onf// rif;ausmfat;/ urm0uf&GmZmwd/ &efukef/ trsdK;om; owif;pm owif;axmuf/ rGef jynfe,faz:xkwfa&; tvkyfnD nGwfa&; aumfrwD/ jyef=um;a&;Xme wm0efcH/ 1962-ckeSpf urm0uf&GmrS xGufjyD; xkdif; rGefvli,frsm;eSifhqufoG,f,l&ef oGm;onf// rif;0if;a,mf/ urm0uf&GmZmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf rGeftoif;OuUX// rif;xGef;az/ xkH;tdkif&GmZmwd/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf (tdkifat)wef;ausmif;om;/ 1962-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;/ wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL;/ 1963-ckeSpfaumvdyf rGeftoif;/ twGif;a&;rSL;/ armfvjrdKifc&kdif rGefausmif;ol/om;rsm;toif;/ wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;// 1964-ckeSpf rif;armifwif/ rif;xGef;az wdk@eSifh twlawmckd//1964-ckeSpf tukefwGif zrf;qD;cH&onf// 1967-ckeSpfrSm axmifrS vGwfjyD;awmckd/ bdwfpcef;OuUXjzpfvmol// 1964-ckeSpf rif;armifwif/ rif;0if;a,mf wkd@eSifh twl awmckdonf/ rGefjynfopfygwD eSifhyl;aygif;cJhonf/ 1966-ckeSpfrSm zrf;qD; xdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1990-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyJGwGif/ =umtif;jrdKe,f/ rGef'Drdk trwfavmif;tjzpf0ifta&G;cHol// Page 6: 6 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) &efukefwuUokdvfr[m0dZ…1ausmif;om;/ 1971-ckeSpfwGif emJazodef;(yi)/ emJqmef tmJwdk@eSifh twlawmckdonf// emJwvrGef odk@ emrnfajymif;onf// 1981-ckeSpfwGif/ rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfvmol// rif;oef;xGef;/oxkH/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf/ 1963-ckeSpfwGif/ xdef;odrf;cH&jyD;/ 1968ekdifxGef;pdef. om;jzpfonf// armfvjrdKif ckeSpfwGif axmifrS vGwfvmonf// ausmif; aumvdyf/ (tdkifat)wef; ausmif;om;/ q&mjzpfvmol// 1963-ckeSpfrGeftoif; wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL; jzpfonf// rif;azodef;/urm0uf/armfjrdKif'D*&Daumvdyf 1963-ckeSpfwGifxdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1970(bDat)wef; ausmif;om;/ 1962-ckeSpf ckeSpfrSmaxmifrS vGwfonf// 1987-ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif; twGif;a&;rSL;// 1963- ekdifwifatmif/ ekdifatmif&Sdefwkd@eSifh twl ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif; 'kOuUX// 1963- awmckdonf// rGefjynfopfygwD/ A[kd ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf ausmif;om; aumfrwDjzpfvmonf// (r'w)wyfaygif;pk/ nDnGwf a&;wyfOD; OuUX/ armfvjrdKif c&kdif ekdifiHjcm;qufqHa&; wm0efcHjzpfvmonf// rGefausmif;ol§om;rsm;toif;OuUX// 1990-ckeSpfwGif/ r'wtrSKaqmifeSifhtwl/ (r'w/zuf'&,fwuUokdvf)udkxlaxmif// rif;armif[ef/ xkH;tdkif/ 1963-ckeSpfwGifxdef;odrf;cH&// 1964-ckeSpf rSmaxmifrS vGwfonf// rif;xGef;aznDr/ rdpdefeSifh tdrfaxmif usonf// usef;rma&; rSL;// aemufpD;yGm;a&;orm; jzpfvmol// rdwifapmOD;/ rk'kHjrdK@/armfvjrdKif'D*&Daumvdyf/ (bDuGef;)pD;yGm;a&;bGJ@&//emrnfausmfw&m; (bDat)wef;ausmif;ol 1962-ckeSpf &kH;csKyfa&S@ae jzpfvmonf// 1990-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf rGeftoif;/ 'k OuUX// a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f ajrmufydkif; (trft,f'D) trwfjzpf vmol// rd,Ofwif/ oHjzLZ&yfjrdK@/ (tdkifat)wef; oHjzLZe,f/jrdK@e,for0g,rOD;pD;Xme/ ausmif;ol1962-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif aumvdyf/ t&m&Sd jzpfvmol// rGeftoif;/wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;/1963-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;.'k/OuUX// rdcifxm;a&$/ xkH;tdkif&Gm/ (bDat)wef;/ zg;tHjrdK@trSwf(1)tpdk;& txufwef; 1962-ckeSpf aumvdyf rGeftoif;/ wGJ- ausmif;q&mrjzpfvmol// twGif;a&;rSL;/ 1963-ckeSpf/ 'k-OuUX// rif;om&if/ uGmef&kduf awmfuem&GmZmwd/ 1963-ckeSpf/ armfvjrdKif 'D*&Daumvdyf/ (tdkifat) wef; ausmif;om;jzpfonf/ 1963-ckeSpf aumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif wOD; jzpf onf// Page 7: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 7 rdtkH;&D/urm0uf&Gm/rk'kHtrwfedkifbdk;pdef.oRD; ynma&; wuUodkvfokd@ ajymif;onf/ armfvjrdKif aumvdyfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif// ynma&; 'D*&DbJ@G jzihf ausmif;jyD;onf// txufwef;ausmif;/ ausmif;tkyfq&mr// rif;vSausmf/ xef;yifa=umif/ taygifjrdK@e,f/ &efukef rGefpmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKaumfrwD (bDat)wef;/armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/rGeftoif; OuUX// &efukefrGeftrsdK;om;ae@ usif;ya&; trSKaqmif// aumfrwDOuUX// rif;tkH;wif/ aumhbdef;&Gm/ (bDat)wef;// rqvacwf/ u&ifjynfe,f/ vkyfief; armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/rGeftoif;trSKaqmif// pDppfa&; aumfrwD OuUXkjzpfvmol// rif;cspfvkH;/ aumhbdef;&Gm/ aq;ausmif;om; a'gufwmrif;cspfvkH;jzpfvmol// rmHaw;/(rif;atmifxGef;)urm0uf&GmZmwd/ axmifrSvGwf xD;aygufjyD; olaX;jzpfvm onf/ oHjzLZ&yf-armfvjrdKif um;toif; rsdK;cspfvGef;IvlowfrSKjzifhaxmifusol// OuUXjzpfvmol// udk=unfjrifh/ oxkHjrdK@/ rdcifrdoef;pdefrSm 1963-ckeSpf xdfef;odrf;cH&/ 1968-ckeSpf rSm xkH;tdkifoljzpfonf/ 1963-ckeSpf armfvjrdKif axmifrSvGwf/ aemufydkif;wGif/ emrnf aumvdyf ausmif;om;or*~ OuUX// ausmf w&m;csKyfa&S@aewOD;jzpfvmol// pma&;q&muavmiftrnf(rif;rif;OD;) udkaZmf0if;/awmifwGif;=uD;jrdK@zGm;/aumvdyf/ 1963-ckeSpfxdef;odrf;cH&onf/ 1968-ckeSpf ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif//1963-ckeSpf rSmaxmifrS vGwfonf// ausmif;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfOD;twGif;a&;rSL; udkodef;nGe@f / aumhu&dwfjrdK@/ armfvjrdKif 1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1966-ckeSpfrSm aumvdyf/ ausmif;om;or*~ acgif;aqmif// axmifrSvGwf/(rqv) A[kdvrf;pOf vli,f tzGJ@0if(aumhu&dwfarmifodef;nGef@)trnf jzifhfaqmif;yg;a&;ol/1990/ckeSpfa&G;aumuf yGJwGif/ teft,f'D trwfjzpf vm ol// udkoef;atmif/ aumhu&dwfjrdK@/ 1963-ckeSpf xdef;odrf;cH&/ 1966- ckeSpf armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ axmifrSvGwf/rqvygwD0if/ jrefrmhtvif; ausmif;om;or*~acgif;aqmif// owif;pm/t,f'Dwmjzpf/(oef;atmifekdif) trnfjzifh/ekdifiHa&;pmtkyfrsm;udka&;onf// Akdvf=uD;uHnGef@/ rk'kHjrdK@/ rGeftrsdK;om;/ AdkvfrSL;=uD;uHnGef@/A[kdppfaxmufvSrf;a&; a&S@awmifwkdif; trSwf(5) ppfaxmufvSrf; nG$ef=um; a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfvmonf// a&;rSL;// (AkdvfcsKyfcifnGef@t&if/ ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfol/) AkdvfcsKyf wifOD; rqvygwDrSjyKwfaomtcg/ AdkvfrSL;=uD; uHn$ef@onfvnf;/&mxl;rSjyKwfcJhonf// Page 8: 8 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 'kAkdvfrSL;=uD;xifausmf/rqvacwf/ edkifiHa&;wkdif;(11)pnf;&kH;a&;rSL;// Edkdifcifarmif/ zg;atmuf&Gm/ rGefjynfe,f a'oygwD aumfrwD0if// rif;cifarmif/ uwkd;aumheSyf/ &efukefwuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/ t*FseD,mausmif;om;/ rif;pkd;rif;/ uavmhaomh Zmwd/ &efukef wuUokdvfrGeftoif;trSKaqmif/1959-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifc&dkif rGefausmif;om; 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OuUX csif;trsdK;om; aumifpD csif;jynfe,f// Ekdifa&$usif OuUX rGefjynfopfygwD rGefjynfe,f// refbZH OuUX u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;&kH; u&ifjynfe,f// AkdvfvusFm AkdvfcsKyf*sifrD&rf 'k-OuUX wdkif;rSL; jynfol@'Drdku&pfwpf ta&S@wdkif;Xe ygwD &Srf;jynfe,f// Armjynf// emJvs;x0fxHrS"gwfykH&onf// OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usif 'k-OuUX=uD;ekdifEGv†m Page 11: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeSifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; 11 ekdifxGef;ode;f edkifa&$usif Edkifa&$usif ekdifaiGode;f rGefausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;toif; armfvjrdKifOypmaumvdyf (1962-63) rdcifxm;a&$ rd{oef; rdjrifhjrifhoef; rdwifapmOD; rif;azodef; emJxGef;a&$ rif;tkH;jrdKif rd,SOfwif rdat;vSdKif rda&$wifh rdoef;pdef ( b¾ma&;rSL; tzJG@0if tzGJ@0if 'k/ OuUX twGif;a&;rSL; rGefpmay (OuUX ) wGJbuf tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if/ tzGJ@0if XmerSL; twGif;a&;rSL; t rif;;xGef;vSKdif rif;oef;=unf rif;jrifhaz rif;vSausmf rif;armifav; rif;om&if rif;oef;&Sdef rif;pdefoef; rif;xGef;az rif;oef;xGef; tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if tzGJ@0if wGJbuf tzGJ@0if twGif;a&;rSL; 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K;}lwjkuJelwj\ dN.YebLtjey>cjy. hWoepcj togHj elwj FWolM]injer.cj aYesHjsuitjr\\ ywjr hWoepcjsuitj l=} aYK;}lwjFWom<, TokjT:, m.nj lM]injr\ aYducjtL]cj lM]injr\\ aerwjaocjezy; lkjelwj pu&mnjnkuE (telcj)gHjelwj aYek~cj qHjlwjr\\ nkuE qkjqJI q.Dk /]ikjkjepcjcjehcj eq.cjk`,lwjr\\ ywjrqkjqJIq.Dk\ l=}aY eq.cjk`,lwjgHj\ hWoepcjsuitjm<, kelcj K;}T",nkuE ddHj/.o/.o qkjqIepcjcj m.njm<, aYducjtL]cjlM]injk.lr\\ aDikrnjtMo K;}likj%ajgHj qWkjgWo mC]hjsuitj ek.njgkUmnj mdHjr\ rnjtMajmWYpLnjgHj qWkjgWoqHeKLwjwcjbM.to K;}lwj epLtjtjgHjr\\ pu&mnjgHj dHjmNihj j k;pN.njtuYaeK>cjK;}wcjzkuhWomWYkL]cjr\ buJbM.toK;}lwjgHj\ pu&d,ducjkL]cjr\\ mNihjlChjwcjto gmL]icjelwj eTcjektjwcjbM. toK;}lwjgHj dHj/.otuY\ atuicjgkUbM. K;}lwjgHj guicjektj auitjr\ gkUmnj gkUm-pY-pYgHj dHja.gkUayutj e/oKutjkuEyM] (telcj)mdHjr\\ maerwj (telcj)wWo hWoeScjkuE gkUmnjpu& qkjkjr\\ mnjgHj (telcj) hWoeqcj\ (telcj)gHj elwj dHjmnjhWoeqcjr\\ bM.to KutjT"]tj ektjlwj qkjkjr\\ hWomWYkuE ruihjkNkj qkjqIr\\ d,ea.njsuitjbWYmel.njr\\ huitjgHjr aYgL]ikjgL.Ywcjn.n.q.jtuY\l=} wcjbM.To K;}lwj per.pr. mnjgHj hWodHj/.o qkjkj\ kelcj K;}%. lwjr\\ p?Ylikjaupj%owWo Page 20: 20 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) aYK;}ptuinj T:,lwj wcjmnjp&uxixr\\ el$.wjwj\ p?YwcjdN.YlCE]lC]EtogHj\ bM.tope`wjlwjFWor\\ TiKuikjkuE gkUe/otuY\ e/otope`wjlwjr\\ dN.YlC]ElC]E e/oto pe`wjtuY ek~cjK;}lwjFWor\\ dN.YlC]ElC]E bepcjK;}sukjlwjFWor\\ huitjgWor wcj/.o/.o ekLoa.tuY wcjebLtjtj mH.mH.gHj dHjmocjdtnjr\\ _p.ktjmocjp?Ywcjr\\ aYqPlWIpr.tuY wcjbM.to K;}pe`wjlwj ebLtjtjtogHj\ K;}T:,lwj wcjmnj/.o/.omdHjr\\ dN.YbM.to pN]kjpLhjlwjgHj aYK;}TmokT:,lwjr\ dN.YbM.to j pe`wjlwjgHj aYek~cj K;}T:,lwj wcj/.o/.or\ dN.YbM.to K;}Snjlwj apuEgHj aYek~cj TokjT:,lwjr\\ qWkjgkUmnjpu&gWotJ\ buJmnjpu& gWok;a.pN.nj kuEbM.gHjkuJ buJbM.to gsuitjekLo lwj Ëkr.zjmnjpu& bx.dl ddHj/.ogHjkuJelwj aYK;}T:,lwj p?Ylikjaupj%ajmdHjr\\ gkUmnjpu& tJektjwcj gkUzkutuY suitjS.njgkU gWomokjtiunj rnjtMolwjr\\ mnjpu&bHj likjaupj%otuY ywjr gu%jfuEFWo l=}gkUe%wj esHjsuitjm<,\ aYe/.cje-pr\\ n.Yefqicj-z. 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xm;jcif;rsKd; r&Sd/ ajymp&m&Sdv#if a&S@Yyif ajymqdk wwfonfudk awG@&onf// AkdvfcsKyfjronf/ rnfr# yGifhvif; jyD;/ &kd;om;onfudk tenf;i,f wifjy&v#i/f 1992-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv (11)&uf ae@rSm/ (zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH/ wnfaqmufa&;/ oabmwlnD csuf/rmemyavm pmcsKyf/vufrSwf a&;xkd;yGJ tcef;em;)w&yfudk/ rmemyavm&Sd AdkvfcsKyfjr aetdrfwGif/ usif;yygonf// aetdrf crf;raqmif tjynfh/ vlpkHwufa&mufygonf// TpmcsKyfonf/ jrefrm edkifiHa&; ordkif;twGuf tvGefta&;ygaom pmcsKyfw&yf jzpfonf// 'kwd,yifvkHpmcsKyf[kqdk=uonf// ppftm%m&Sifudk 0dkif;0ef;wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;jzKwfcsjyD;aemuf/ jrefrmedkifiHudk rnfuJhokd@aom/ jynfaxmifpk pHepfjzifh/ wnfaqmuf oGm;&rnfukd/ tajccH rlrsm;/ tckdifrm/csrSwfxm;aomoabmwl/ pmcsKyfw&yfjzpfonf//jrefrmtyg0ifvlrsKd;pkH yg0if a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfonf// jrefrmedifiHnGef@aygif;tpkd;&udk,fpm;/ 0ef=uD;csKyf a'gufwmOD;pdef0if; u4if;/ tef/t,f/'D/ (vGwfajrmuf e,fajr) udk,fpm; OuUX OD;wifatmifu4if;/ 'D/at/bD/ udk,fpm;OuUXAkdvfcsKyfjru4if;/ r'wukd,fpm;OuUX=uD;edkifa&$usifu4if;/ toD;oD;vufrSwf a&;xkd; 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vlrsdK;rsm;. trsdK;om; tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&SKH;ae=u Page 29: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 29 &onf// jynfol vlxkonfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDeSihf vl@tcGifh a&;rsm;qkH;&SKH; ae=uonf// wkdif;&if;om; pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; ysufjym;jyD;/ jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifvSsuf &Sdonf// okd@jzpfI jrefrmjynf&Sd wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;/ jynfolvlxk tm;vkH;onf/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf tm;/ tjyKwfwkdufjyD;aemuf/ trsdK;om;wef;wla&;eSifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh &Sdonfh/ 'Drdkua&pD eSifhtajccHvl@tcGifha&;&Sdonfh/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkekdfifiHawmfudk wnfaqmufvkd=uonf// wef;wlrSK/ vGwfvyfrSK/ pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrSK/ vkHjcKHrSK/ cspf=unf &if;eSD;rSK/ tjyeftvSef ,kH=unf av;pm;rSK/ zGH@jzKd;wkd;wufrSK&Sdonfh/jynfaxmifpkudkwnfaqmufekdif&eftwGuf/ t"duvkdtyf csufrsm;rSm/jidrf;csrf;a&;eSifhppfrSefaom/ zuf'&,fwnfaqmuf a&;yifjzpfonf// Todk@aom/ tajctaewGif/ (1) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmekdfifiHtrsdK;om;nGef@aygif;tpdk;&// (2) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/(vGwfajrmufe,fajr)// (3) jrefrmjynf'Drdku&ufwpfr[mrdwftzGJ@csKyf// (4) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk//tzGJ@pnf;(4)zGJ@wkd@onf/1992-ckeSpfZlvkdifv (31)&ufae@wGif/rme,fyavmXmecsKyfYatmufygtwkdif;tckdifrmoabmwl nD=uonf// (1) r[mvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'udkvnf;aumif;/ zufqpfppftm%m&Sif pepfudkvnf;aumif;/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'eSifh zufqpfppftm%m&Sif pHepfudkusifhokH;onfh/ e0wtm;vnf; aumif;/ tqkH;wkdiftwlwuG qef@usifwkdufzsufoGm;rnf// (2) e0wppftm%m&Sif =uD;pkd;rSK/ csKyfjidrf;jyD;aemuf vGwfvyfjidrf;csrf;onfh tajctae wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pkH/ ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;pkH wufa&mufekdifonfh/ ppfrSefaom trsdK;om;nDvmcH=uD;udk ac:,lusif;yoGm;rnf// (3) ppfrSefaom/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk. ekdfifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH/ Oya'w&yfudk wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;jynfovlxk. qENnDnGwfrSKudk tajccHIa&;qGJjyXmef; l oGm;rnf// (4) rnfonfh vlrsdK;udkrSs/ tcGifha&; ray;a&;eSifh vlrdsK;pkrsdK;eG,fpk tm;vkH;.tajccH trsdK;om;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk/ csKyfcs,fuef@owfrSK/ rjyKa&;udkusifhokH;oGm;rnf// (5) wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;tm;vkH;/ trsdK;om; wef;wla&;eSifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdonfh/ 'Drdkua&pDeSifh vl@tcGifhta&; tjynfht0 &&Sdonfh/ zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkudk wnfaqmufoGm;rnf// xkdokd@wnfaqmuf&mwGif/ (u)ucsif/u&if/u&ifeD/csif;/Arm/ rGef/ &cdkif/ &Srf;paom jynfe,frsm;wGifpk aygif;zJG@pnf; 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vmcJhol jzpfonf// rif;a&$vGifonf ppftpdk;&. u|efynma&;udk qufvuf oif=um; vkdpdwf vkH;vkH; crf;ajcmufvmonf// ppftm%m&Siudk rkef;wD;aompdwf/ awmfvSefvkdaom f pdwfwkd@onfom wae@wjcm; rdrd&ifYwkd;yGm; udef;atmif; vmaeonf// aemufqkH;wGif ppftm%m&Sif jyKwfusa&;/ rGeftrsdK;om; b0 vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf awmfvSefaom rGefausmif;om; wOD;tjzpfudkcH,l&ef jywfjywfom;om;qkH;jzwfvkdufonf// (B.A) aemufqkH;eSpf jyD;qkH;&ef vydkif;tvkdrSmyif/ edkifyef;om/ ekdif&\/ edkifom&ifwkd@eSifh nSdKeSKdif;wkdifyifjyD; awmckd&ef pDpOf=uonf// 1971-ckepf atjyDvwGif ekdfifyef;om/ ekdif&\wdk@eSifh rif;a&$vGifwkd@tkyfpkuyxr awmcdk xGufcJhonf// aemufwv avmuft=umwGif rif;om&if/ rif;azodef;(yi)eSSifh edkifqmeftmJwkd@ tkyfpkuvdkufI awmckdxGufcJh=uonf// rGefjynfopfygwD awmwGif;pcef;okd@ a&mufaomtcg/ rdrd.rlv trnfemr rif;a&$vGiftpm;/ rGefemrnf ppfppfjzpfonfh/ emJvs;x0f [laom trnfodk@ ajymif;vJ cH,lvkdufonf// rGefjynfopfygwD A[dkokd@ a&mufjyD;(2)v ausmfausmfavmuf t=umwGif/ jynfcspfvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf/ awmifydkif;/ Akdvf&efedkifpcef;(om,mpcef;)wGif (2)vtajccHppfoifwef;udk oGm;a&muf oif=um;cJh&onf// &efukefwuUodkvf/ (,lwDpD)tajccHppfoifwef;udk wufa&mufoif=um; 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OuUXrSm/ ekdifa&$usifjzpfjyD; ppfaumfrwD. twGif;a&;rSL;rSmemJEGvm † jzpfonf// edkfifvs;x0fonf/ ygwDrSwm0efay;csuft& txl;ojzifh befaumfjrdK@wGif oGm;a&muf aexkdif&jyd; xkdif;ekdfifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdL;wkd@. trsdK;om;a&;vkyfief;/ trsdK;om;a&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKrSmyg0ifulnD aqmif&Gufay;&oljzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifvs;x0fonf/ xkdif;rGef Page 39: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 39 vl=uD;vli,f tm;vkH;wkd@eSifh tvGefcifrif &if;eSD;cJh&onf// xkdif;pum;udkvnf; u|rf;u|rf; usifusif ajymekdifqdkedkfifcJhonf// 1980-ckeSpfywf0ef;usifwGif/ ygwDwGif;Y/ ‘qkd&S,fe,fcsJ@”tay:tjrifrwlwJh/ t,lq wdkufyGJw&yf tjyif;xefjzpfay:cJhonf// edkfifvs;x0fonf/ ‘qkd&S,fe,fcJs@’ywfoufjyD; rdrdYjywfjywfom;om; =unf=unfvifvif tjrifr&Sdao;ojzifh/ rnfonfhbufrS&yfwnf cJhjcif;r&Sdyg// =um;aecJhonf// 1981-ckeSpf atjyDv(13)&uf/ rGefjynfopfygwD eSpfjcrf; uJ&mwGif/ ekdfifvs;x0fonf/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif tkyfpkwkd@eSifh yl;aygif;yg0ifcJhonf// 1982G ckeSpfrSmrGefygwDrSeSKwfxGufcJhonf// eSKwfxGufcJh&onfhta=umif;rSm/ ygwDYpnf;&kH; nDnGwfrSK r&Sdjcif;/ tcsdK@aom ygwDacgif;aqmif vl=ud;wkd@onf/ udk,fusdK;twGuftvGJokH;pm;jyKjcif;/ ygwDrS csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;/ Oya'wkd@udk csdK;azgufae=ujcif;/ ygwDrScsxm;aom qkH;jzwfcsuf udk ajAmifajAmif wif;wif; usL;vGefvkyfudkifaejcif;/ ponfhta=umif; wkd@a=umifh/ ekdfifvs;x0f onf/ rGejf ynfopfygwDrS ekwfxGufcJhonf// odk@aomfygwDeSifh tjyD;tydkif tqufjywf oGm;jcif;r&Sdyg// vkdtyfv#if vkdtyfovkd yg0ifaqmif&uf G ay;avh&Sdonf// txl;ojzifh OuUX=uD;ekdfifa&$usif/ xkdif;edkfifiHtwGif;odk@ c&D;oGm;onfjzpfap/ tpnf;a0;wufa&muf&ef c&D;oGm;&onfjzpfap/ ekdifvs;x0fudk tnDulawmif;avh&Sdonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$RusifoGm; av&mrSm/ edkfifvs;x0fvkdufyg oGm;&onfursm;onf// OuUX=uD;eSifhteD;uyf aexkdifol jzpfonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. pdwfaeoabmxm;udk aumif;rGefpGmodoljzpf onf// 1998-ckeSpfwGif/ =opa=wvD;,m; edkifiHokd@ vma&mufckdvSKHaexdkifcJhonf// =opa=wvD,m; edkfifiHodk@ a&mufaom tcgvnf; ekdfifvs;x0fonf/ rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;udk vspfvSsL&SKI raeay// rddrdwwfedkfifor# =opa=wvD;,m; rGeftzGJ@(AMA)wGif wufwuf =uG=uG yg0if aqmif&Gufonf// rGeftzGJ@. 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S 49 ,m,D tm%mv$Jtyfay;&ef jzpfvm&onf// 1958-ckeSpfatmufwkdbmv(28)ae@rSm/ OD;ektpdk;&onf/ AdkfvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;& tzGJ@wzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;jyD; ,m,Dtm;jzifh/ tm%mvGJtyfay;cJhonf// 4if;tdrfapmifhtpkd;&onf/ (6)vtwGif;wGif rSswaom a&G;aumufyGJudk usif;yay;rnf jzpfa=umif;ausjimcJhonf// 1958/ckeSpfekd0bFmv(21/22)&ufrsm;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. au'gaygif;pkH nDvmcH wpf&yf udk armfvjrdKifjrLeDpy,fcef;r wGifusif;ycJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHrS/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. zGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'opfeSifh ygwDwnfaqmufa&;rlrsm;ukd a&;qGJtwnfjyKcJhonf// atmufyg trSKaqmifopfudkvnf; a&G;aumufwifajrmufedkifcJhonf// rGejf ynfo@l wyfO;D tvkytrSKaqmifopf f OuUX ekdifatmifxGef; 'kOuUX q&medkifbdk;pdef(urm0uf) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifxGef;odef; wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifodrf;armif(aygif) A[kdtvkytrSKaqmifaumfrwD0ifrsm;/ f Ekdifbkd;aumif/(uavmhaomh) Ekdifom[ef(taygif) EkdifaiGodrf;/ edkifqdwfekd@ ekdifcsrf;rGef edkifatmifwifh ekdifausmif(Akdvfausmif) t&HA[kdtvkytrSKaqmifaumfrwD0ifrsm; f edkifpH&$ef/ edkifuGefAvm ekdifpdefausmf(aumhbdef;)wkd@jzpfonf/ ,cif rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. twGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefae&mwGif/ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;opf jzpfvmol/ edkifxGef;odef;tm; yk*~dLvft& pmzwfy&d\wfrsm; tu|rf;0if odjrifjyD;om jzpfrnf// odk@aomf ekdifxGef;odef;.ekdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk wdwdusus/ odol enf;onf[k xifonf/ xkda=umifh edkifxGef;odef;. ekdifiHa&;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Tae&mY az:jyIrdwfqufay;vdkygonf// Page 50: 50 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) edkifxGef;odef;tm; vlcspfvlcif aygrsm;onf// pdwfaeoabmxm; tvGefel;nHh odrfarG@ol wOD;jzpfonf// pdwfaumif; eSvkH;aumif;&Sdonf/ az:a&Gwwfonf// rdrdxuf touf=uD; olrsm;udk &kdaoav;pm;pGm qufqHovkd/ vli,frsm;tm;vnf; av;av;pm;pm; qufqH wwfonf// ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ armfvjrdifjrdK@e,f/ uwdk;&GmwGif/ 1917-ckeSpf/ edk0bFvmv (30)&ufae@Y edkifatmifa'G;/ rda&$eSpfwkd@rS arG;zGm;oef@pif vljzpfvmonf// uwkd;aus;&Gm jrefrmpmoifausmif;wGif (6)wef;atmifjrifonftxd oif=um;jyD; armfvjrdKifjrdK@ t*Fvdyf/ jrefrmtpkd;&txuf wef;ausmif;wGif ynmqufvufoif=um;onf// xdktxufwef; ausmif;om;b0uyif/ edkifxGef;odef;onf/ ausmif;om; ta&;cif;eSifh ausmif;om; or*~vkyfief;wkd@rSm wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifcJhonf/ 1935-36-ckeSpfwGif txufwef; ausmif;/ ausmif;om;or*~. twGif;a&;rSL;. wm0efudk,lcJhonf// 1938-ckeSpf wGif (10)wef;pmar;yGJudk/ ocsFmeSifh tydkocsFmbmom&yf rsm;wGif *k%fxl;jzifh atmifjrif cJhonf// &efukefwuUodkvfrS csD;jrSifhaom/ (Collegiate Scholarship)qkudk qGwf,ledkifcJh onf// paumvm&Spfqktjzifh wvv#if(35)usyf axmufyHhaiGudk (5)eSpfwkdifwkdif ynm oifqk tjzpf &&SdcJhonf// wuUokdvf ausmif;om;b0uyif/ trsdK;om;edkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSK wGif wufwuf=uG=uG yg0ifvmcJhonf// 1939-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom &mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&m rGeftzGJ@csKyf pmayeSifh ,Ofaus;rSKtzGJ@wGif yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;cJhonf/ a'gufwmpdefxGef;atmif/ rGefazodef;wkd@ OD;aqmifzJ@G pnf;aom/ &efukefjrdK@ rGefvli,ftoif;wGif vnf;yg0ifcJhonf// 1940-ckeSpfwGif Oypmwef;udk atmifjrifcJhonf// 1945-ckeSpfrwfvwGif ody`HbJG@udkatmifjrifcJhonf// 'kwd, urBmppf jyD;qkH;jyD;aemuf/ jyefvnf vSKyf&Sm;vmaom &mrn wkdif;vkH;qkdif&mtzGGJ@csKyf. twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudk ,m,Dxrf;aqmifcJhonf// xkdaemuftzGJ@csKyf./ wm0efay;csuft&/ rGefaus;&Gmrsm;wGif pmayoif=um;edkifa&;twGuf/ =uD;=uyfuGyfuJaom rGefynmtkyftjzpf 1947-ckeSpfrS 1949-ckeSpftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf// xkdodk@aqmif&GufaepOf/ tar&duefekdifiH/ rDcsD*ef wuUokdvfwGif "gwkaA' bmom&yf oif=um;&ef ynmawmfoiftjzpf a&G;cs,f cH&onf/ odk@aomf rGeftrsdK;om;pdwf tm;oefaom ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ ynma&;xuf trsdK;om;a&;udk OD;pm;ay;cJhonf// 1949-ckeSpf/ rGef-u&if vSKyf&Sm;rSKwGif yg0ifcJhjyD; awmckd cJhonf// ekdifiHjcm;okd@ oGm;a&mufynmoif=um;jcif;udk pGef@vGwfcJhonf// 1949-ckeSpfrSpI rGefvufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tzGJ@pnf;. edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&; wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1950-ckeSpfwGif edkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;twGuf AefaumufjrdK@wGif/ zGifhvSpfxm;aom rGef-u&if udk,fpm;vS,f&kH;wGif wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&Guf cJhonf// Page 51: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 51 1952-ckeSpf az:0g&Dv(19)&ufae@wGif zGJ@pnf;aom/ (rGeftrsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk). taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;. wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1952-ckeSpf 'DZbFmv (12)&uf ae@wGif/ rd[Hom. nDr/ rdcifaxG;eSifh jr0wDjrdK@wGif vufxuf cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkrS wqifh rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD toGifodk@ jyefvnf; zGJ@pnf;&mwGif/ ekdifxGef;odef;onf/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD. 'kOuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1958ckeSpf Oya'abmifodk@ 0ifvmonftxd/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. 'k-OuUX wm0efudk xrf;aqmif cJhonf// wzef Oya'abmif twGif;Y yxr t=udrf usif;yaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/ au'g aygif;pkH nDvmcHrS ekdifxGef;odef;tm; wnD wnGwfwnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; tjzpf/ a&G;cs,f wifajrSmufcJhonf// TonfrSm rGefjynfol@wyfO;D taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;opf jzpfvmol/ ekdifxGef;odef;. ekdifiHa&; vkyfaqmifcsuf tusOf;r# jzpfonf// Oya'abmifoGif;okd@ a&mufvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ vlrsdK;pkH cspf=unfa&; twGuf/ jynfol@ &JabmfygwD (yDpDyD)/ tvkyform;ygwD(qkd&S,feD)/ jynfol@ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pk (yrnw)/ jynfol@ wkd;wufa&;ygwD/ paom ekdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eSifhawG@qkHaqG;aEG; jyD;/ emvnfrSK wnfaqmuf ekdifcJhonf// vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm; jzpfaom/ u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ &ckdif/ ucsif/ csif;/ &Srf;/ ytkd@0f paom vlrsdK;pk tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSifhvnf; awG@qkH aqG;aEG;jyD;/ ekdifiHa&; tjrifrsm;udk nSdeSdKif;ekdifcJhonf// 1960-ckeSpf azaz:0g&Dv(6)&ufwGif/ AkdvfcsKyfae0if; OD;aqmifaom/ tdrfapmifh tpkd;&onf/ ygvDreftaxGaxGa&G; aumufyJudk usif;yay;ygrnf[kausjimcJhonf//rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf G G a&G;aumufyGJ0if&ef jyifqifvm&onf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS/ a&G;aumufyJeSihfywfoufaom/ vkyfief;(3)&yfudkcsrSwfcJhonf// (1) rGeo;D jcm;rJqENe,fr&ao;cif/rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;onf/ f oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaomrGetrsdK;om;trwftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cH&ef// f (2) xkdokd@ta&G;cH&mwGif/a&G;aumufyGJa=uG;a=umfoHtjzpf/ (rGefjynfe,fvkdcsifvsSif/rGeftrwfavmif;udkrJqEN ay;=uyg)// (3) a&G;aumufyJwGifrGeftrsdK;om;tcsif;csif;xdyfwkdufrjzpf&efeSifhr[mrdwfygwDrsm; G eSihfvnf;xdyfwkdfufrjzpf&efnSdeSdKif;&efwkd@jzpfonf// a&G;aumufyGJwGif/tjcm;rGeftzGJ@pnf;jzpfaom/rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rSvnf;a&G; aumufyGJ Yyg0if,SOfjydKif&ef qdkif;jyif;aeonf// xkdtajcaewGif a&G;aumufyGJwGifyg0ifaom rGeftzGJ@pnf; rsm; wzGJ@eSifhwzGJ@ yÉdyuQ rjzpfyGm;&ef/ tvGef ta&;=uD;vmonf// txl;ojzifh/ rGefa'o&Sd trwfrJqENe,f wae&mwnf;rSm/ rGeftzGJ@pnf;eSpfzGJ@ jydKifwl xdyfwkduf ,SOjf ydKifrSKrjzpfyGm;&ef/ tvGefta&;=uD;onf// okd@r[kwfygrl/ rGefjynfol@ qENrJrsm;/ uGJjym;jyD;/ atmifyGJ&oifh Page 52: 52 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) oavmuf r&&SdekdifbJ jzpfoGm;ekdifonf// rGeftcsif;csif; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfrSK jydKuGJekdifonf// tjcm;tzGJ@pnf;rS trwfrsm;tekdfif&oGm;ekdifonf// Ttcsufwdk@udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;wkd@ oabmwl zGJ@pnf;xm;aom/ rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pkonf/ nSdeSdKif;wdkifyifI/ rGeftrsdK;om; trwfavmif;pm&if;udk jyKpk=uonf// TudpPonfxifoavmufrvG,fvSay// rGefjynfolvlxk xlxyfrsm;jym;pGm aexkdifaom ae&mrsm;wGif rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ wyftyfaocsm atmifyJG ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfvlxk enf;yg;aomae&m a'orsm;wGif/ rGef trwfavmif;rsm; atmifyJcHekdif&ef tvGefcJ,SOf;onf// rGeftrwfavmif;rsm; atmifyGJ G cHedkifaom ae&mrsm;udk/ vufcsdL;&nfwGufI &ekdifonf// atmifyGJcHedkifaom ae&ma'oonf/ odyfrrsm;vSay// atmifyJcHekdifaom a'orsm;wGifom/ rGeftrwfavmif;rsm;/ ololigig/ G yg0ifta&G;cHvdk=uonf// rGefjynfol@nDnGwfa&; wyfaygif;pktwGif;Y t=udwfte,f aqG;aEG;=u&onf// tcsdef,l aqG;aEG; wkdifyifnSKdeSdKif;=u&onf// aemufqkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS tav#mhay;I rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh rGefwkdfif;om; tpnf;&kH=um;wGif/ yÉdyuQrjzpfyGm;atmif/ a&Smifwdrf; ekdifcJhonf// eSpfOD;eSpfzuf a=ua=uvnfvnf/ av;av;eufeuf aqG;aEG;wkdifyif qkH;jzwfjyD; atmufygtwdkif; trwfavmif;eSihf 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifrnfhpm&if;udk oabmwlnDpGm xkwfjyef ekdkifcJhonf// armfvjrdKife,fwGif edkifcsrf;rGe/f usdKuQrDjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifatmifxGef;/ acsmif;qkHjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifxGef;odef;/usdKuRa&mjrdK@e,fwGif ekdifqdwfedk@/ zgtHawmiffydkif;wGif ekdifaiGodrf;/ rk'kHjrKd@e,fwGif q&mekdifzkd;pdef/taygife,fwGif ekdifodrf;armifwkd@ toD;oD;yg0if,SOfjydkifcJhonf// a&;jrdK@e,fudkrl/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS/ rGefzkd;csdKyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhonf// usdKuQrDawmifydkif; vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftwGuf/ wkdif;&if;om;tpnf;&kH;rS edkifaatmifvSaiGuyg0if,SOfjydKifcJhon/f/ 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifta&G;cHaomrGeftrwfrsm;wGif/ rk'kHjrdK@e,frS q&mekdifzdk;pdef/ usdKuQrDjrdK@e,frS ekdfifatmifxGef;/ a&;jrdK@e,frS rGefzkd;csdKeSifh usdKuQrDc&kdif/ vlrsdK;pkvGwfawmf trwftjzpf/ ekdifatmifvSaiGwkd@ toD;oD;ta&G;cHcJh&onf// zg;tHawmifydkif;wGif/ 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifaomekdifaiGodrf;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// edkifaiGodrf;.jydKifbuf/ wnfjrJzqyvtrwf/ ekdifbnGef@onf/ tekdif&oGm;onf// wnfjrJzqyvtrwf ekdifbnGef@ ekdfifoGm;jcif;rSm rJrsm;udk vdrfvnf/ ckd;azguf,lIekdifonf[k rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rSekdifaiGodrf;upGyfpGJajymqkdonf// Page 53: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 53 Tae&mY ekdifiHa&;ocFef;pm ,lp&maumif;aom tjzpfysufudk tenf;i,f a&;om;wifjy vkdygonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; ocFef;pm,lp&m tvGefaumif;aom ekdfifaiGodrf;eSifh ekdifbnGef@ (ekdifa&$usif.nD)wkd@ eSpfOD;ta=umif;udk tenf;i,f/ a&;om;wifjycsifygonf// 1960-ckeSpf/ a&G;aumufyGJwGif/ zm;tHawmifydkif; rJqENe,fwGif(wnfjrJz/q/yv)tzGJ@0iftjzpf/ edkfifbnGef@ ua&G;aumufyGJ 0ifcJhovkd/wzufwGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;rS ekdifaiGodef;onfvnf;/ 4if;zg;tH awmifydkif;udkyif/ a&G;cs,fIa&G;aumufyJ0ifcJhonf// ekdifaiGodef;onf/ rdrd. ZmwdcsufauGs/ G &yf&Gmjzpfaom/ xkH;tkdif rGef&Gm=uD;udk/ tm;xm;I/ 4if;rJqENe,fudk a&G;cs,fum/ yg0if ,SOfjydKifcJhjcif;jzpfonf// zqyv trwfavmif; ekdifbnGef@eSifh xdyfwdkuf,SOfjydKif ta&G;cHonf// xkda&G;aumufyGJwGif/ (wnfjrJ)zqyvtrwftjzpf0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifbnGef@ekdifjyD;/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; trwftjzpf/ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifaom/ ekdifaiGodrf;onf/ &SKH;edrfhoGm;onf// txufY qdkcJhonfh twkdif;/ Tokd@ ekdfifbnGef@ekdifoGm;jcif;onf/ wnfjrJzqyvtzJG@u rJrsm;udk vdrfvnf ckd;,lojzifh ekdifoGm;onf[k/ ekdifaiGodrf;wkd@bufrS pGyfpGJ ajymqkdonf// edkfifaiGodrf; pGyfpJajymqkd G ouJhokd@ jzpfedkifaom/ ta=umif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf// rnfokd@yif&Sdap/ 4if;yk*~dKvfeSpfOD;wdk@onf wcsdefu/ rGeftrsdK;om;ta&;wGif twlwl yg0ifcJh =uolrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// rGefvlrsKd;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfwGif twlwlyg0if v_yf&Sm;cJholrsm; jzpfygonf// aoG;aomuf &Jabmfrsm;jzpf=uonf// oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f awmif;qkda&;wGif4if;/ awmwGif;vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;wdk@wGif4if;/ twlwuG yg0ifcJh=u olrsm;jzpfonf// twdwfudk jyefajymif; =unfhvSsif/ atmufygtwkdif;/ 4if;yk8~dKvfeSpfOD;wkd@. trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKordkif; a=umif;udkawG@&ayrnf// 1947-ckeSpf/ rk'kHjrdK@e,f/ zg;atmufaus;&GmwGif/ usif;yaom/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. nDvmcHrS/ ekdifvSarmiftm; OuUXtjzpf4if;/ edkifaiGodef;tm; twGif;a&;rSL;jzpf4if;/ ekdifbvGif (edkifa&$usif)tm; jyef=um;a&;Xme wm0efcHtjzpf4if;/ ekdifbnGef@tm; vli,fa&;&m XmerSL; tjzpf4if;/ toD;oD; a&G;aumufwifajrmufcJh=uonf// 4if;tjyifekdifbnGef@tm;/ rGefpHoleSifh wGJbufIvnf;/ rGefvlrsdkK;a&;&mtzGJ@. umuG,fa&;Xmeukd OD;pD;aqmif&Guf&ef wm0ef ay;cJhonf// rGefvli,frsm;tm;/ rdsK;cspfpdwfxuf oefvmatmif pnf;vkH;odrf;oGif;&aom wm0efudk,l&onf// pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;I&aomvli,frsm;udk/ ekdifbnGef@uyif/ =uD;=uyfI/ ppfoifwef;ay;&onf// edkifbnGef@onf/ ppfoifwef;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf// xkd@a=umifh ekdifaiGodef;eSifh edkifbnGef@wkd@onf/ rGeftrsKd;om;twGuf/ twlwuG/ oufpGef@ =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufcJholrsm; jzpfonfudk awG@&onf// 1948-ckeSpf armfvjrdKifudk odrf;ydkuf pOfuvnf;/ t"duae&m tcef;rStwlwl/ yg0ifcJholrsm;jzpf=uonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@rS qkwfcGm Page 54: 54 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) jyD;/ awmwGif;Y vufeufudkfifawmfvSefa&; orm;b0tjzpf twlwuG aevmcJh =uolrsm;jzpf=uonf// ,ckrl/ ekdifiHa&; tm%mtwGuf/ &efolozG,f wOD;udkwOD; oabmxm;vm&onf// zg;tH awmifydkif;rJqENe,fajr/ wae&mwnf;udkyif/ eSpfO;D om; xdyfwkduf ,SOfjydKif vm&onf/ T,SOfjydKifyGJwGif/edkifaiGodrf;&_H;edkrhfoGm;jyD;/ ekdifbnGef@onf trwfjzpfvmonf// 4if;tjyif edkifbnGef@onf u&ifjynfe,faumifpDtzGJ@0if/ 0ef=uD;wOD;vnf;jzpfvmonf// a&G;aumufyJG a=umifh/ wcsdefu aoG;aomuf&Jabmf&Jbuf tcsif;csif; &efolozG,fjzpfoGm;apcJhonf// rGeftcsif;csif; oabmqEN uGJcJh&onf// ygvDref'Drdkua&pDu zefwD;vkdufonfh tusdK;w&m; yifjzpfonf// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@twGuf tvGefowdoHa0*&p&m aumif;aom tcsufw&yf jzpfonf [kajymcsifonf// 1960-ckeSpfa&G;aumufyGJwGif/OD;ekacgif;aqmifaom/ jynfaxmifpk(yxp)oef@&Sif;/ z/q/y/v/ tzGJ@rS/ rJtjywfowf ekdifojzifh/ tpkd;&zGJ@ekdifcJhonf// oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzJG@csKyfrS/ rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;udk awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// 1960-ckeSpf rwfv(19)&ufae@wGif oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef;eSifh twGif;a&;rSL; rGefaiGpdk;wkd@onf/ owif;pm uGefz&ifh wckudkjyKvkyusif;ycJhonf/ rGefazoef;onf/ tvGefemrnf=uD;rm;aom/ 0wfvkH f awmf&a&S@aewpfOD;jzpfonf// armfvjrdKifjrdK@xm;0,fpk&yf atmufvrR=uD;wGif aexkdifol jzpfonf// xkdowif;pmuGefz&ifhY rGeazoef;u atmufygtwdkif;ajym=um;cJhonf// f “armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y usif;ywJh rGea&;&mnDvmcHrSm/ oef@&if;zqyv OuUX=uD; f S OD;eku rGefjynfe,fudk trsm;pku vkdvm;ygu aqmif&Guf ay;rnfvkd@ twdtvif; uwday;cJhw,f// xkduwdt&/ OD;ekacgif;aqmifwJh oef@&Sif;tpkd;&u rGefjynfe,fudk aqmif&Gufay;r,fvkd@vJ/ u|eawmf arSsmvifh,kH=unfw,f// ,ckuJhokd@ rGefjynfe,f f f ukd awmif;qkd&wmvJ/ rGef,Ofaus;rSKeSihf rGefpmayrsm; aysmufuG,f oGm;rSmudk pkd;&drI awmif;qkd&jcif;jzpfw,f//” f oef@&Sif; rGeftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rGefazoef; &Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onfhtjyif atmufyg twkdif;vnf;xyfrH&Sif;vif; wifjyoGm;onf// “rGefjynfe,fay;wJh ae&mrSm/ t&nfcsif;jynfhpkHjyD;/ tqifajy acsmarG@ ap&ef/ yxrOD;pGm/ rGea&;&m aumifpDwpf&yfudk zGJ@pnf;xlaxmif f oifhw,fvkd@ jrifw,f// rGefjynfe,f udpPa&;&meSifh ywfouf&if/ oef@&Sif; Page 55: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 55 rGetrsKd ;om;tzGJ@csKyfudk OD;pm;ay;wkdifyifbdk@ tpkd;&opfxHawmif;qkdr,f// f rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;/ trsdK;rsdK;uGJjym;ae=uwm rSefaomfvnf;/ rGefvlxk taeeJ@/ rGejf ynfe,f&&Sda&;oabmrSmwpfckwnf; jzpfw,f//1” oef@&Sif;rGeftzJG@ OuUX rGefazoef;u txufygtwdkfif; &Sif;vif;wifjyjyD; aemufwGif owif;axmuf rsm;u atmufyg ar;cGef;udkar;jref;vmonf// “rGefjynfe,fay;&ifrnfonfha'otus,ft0ef;txd&Sd&rnfvJ” rGefazoef;uatmufygtwkdif;ajz=um;oGm;onf// “rGefjynfe,fudk owfrSwf&if/ usdKuQrDc&kdif/ u&ifjynfe,f a'otcsdK@/ ppfawmif;rS a&;txdtus,f t0ef;&Sd&r,f//” rGefjynfe,feJ@ywfoufI rGeazoef;onfwdwdusus&Sif;vif;wifjyoGm;onf// f 1960-ckeSpf{jyDv(5)&ufae@wGif usif;yaom/ wwd,jynfol@v$wfawmf/ yxr nDvmcHY/ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ekurdef@cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif/ jynfe,fay;a&;udpPeSihf ywfoufI yxptpkd;&onf oufqkdif&mwkdif;&if;om; jynfol vlxk.qENrSefudkod&SdatmifjyKvkyfrnf// xkdokd@jyKvkyf&mwGifjyKykH/ jyKenf;eSifhywfoufI oufqkdif&macgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD;rS jyKvkyfrnfjzpfa=umif;ajym=um;oGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf{jyDv(29)&ufae@wGif/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekonf/ rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,f/ taumifxnfaz:a&;eSihf ywfoufI ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm; t=uHay;ekdif&ef t=uHay;tzGJ@ wckukdzJ@G pnf;ay;cJhonf// 4if;tzG@JwGif ekdifiHawmforwa[mif; a'gufwmOD;bOD;u acgif;aqmifjyD; tzJG@0ifrsm;rSm/ a'gufwmodrf;armif/ OD;wif/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@ tygt0iftm;vkH;pkpkaygif;(5)OD;yg&Sdonf// 1960-ckeSpfarv(14)&ufupItpkd;&twdkifyifcHt=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf awG@qkHI 4if;wkd@. toD;oD; oabmxm;udk ar;jref;=uonf// rGefbdk;csdKtm; ar;jref;&m/ rGefbdk;csdKu atmufygtwdkif;ajym =um;vmonf// 1 1960/rwfv(20)&ufxkwf/&efukefowif;pm/ Page 56: 56 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) “'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&; qkH;&SKH;rSKrsm;xJrSm/ tepfem qkH;aom/ qkH;&SKH;rSK[m/ vlrsdK; wdrfaum yaysmufrSKyif jzpfw,f// rGefvlrsKd ;rsm;[m/ ykorf 32/jrdK@/ [Hom0wD/ d 32/jrdK@/ rkwWr/ 32jrdK@/ [lI&SdcJh&mrS/ ,cktcg/ pum;a&m/ pmygwraum yaysmufrJh d f tajcaeokd@ a&mufaejyD jzpfw,f// rkwrbufYom rGefpm/ rGefpum; usef&Sdawmh W &m/ ,cktwkdif; qufvufxm;&Sdr,fqdkvsSif/ ysLvlrsdK;/yaysmufouJhokd@rGevlrsdK;yg/ f yaysmufoGm;edkifr,f// vufeufudkif rGeftzJG@pnf; tvif;0ifa&muf vmcJhjcif;rSm/ 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ek&J@ rGefjynfe,f ay;r,fqkdwJh uwdudk ,kH=unfvkd@ 0ifvm=ujcif; f jzpfw,f// ,cktcg/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ ekdifzkd;pdef/ ekdifatmifvSaiGeJ@ u|eawmf/ tp&Sd wJhyk*~dKvfwkd@vnf;/ a&G;aumufyGJrSmtekdif&&SdjyD;jzpfw,f// tJ'DtrwfawG/u|efawmf tygt0if/ a&G;aumufyGJ 0ifpOfu/ rGefjynfe,f a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif cJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; rJqENxyf ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;vkd@ jrifw,f// u|eawmf taeeJ@ rJqEN ,lwmufdk oabm rwlekdifbl;// f rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@[m/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&tm;/ ,kH=unf udk;pm;=uw,f/ u&if/ucsif/ tp&SdwJh vlrsdK;pkawGudk jynfe,f ay;ouJhokd@ rGejf ynfe,fudkvJ ay;apcsifw,f//” tpkd;& twkdifyifcH t=uHay;tzGJ@u/ rGefukefonf=uD; ekdifboGiftm; ar;jref; &mwGif/ ekdifboGifu atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf// “yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdif/usdKuQrc&kdif/ xm;0,fc&kdif/ jrdwfc&kdifwkd@udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf D jyKvkyfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdw,f// rGejf ynfe,fudk rGefvlxku eSpfepfumum vkdcsif&if S ay;r,fqkdwJh 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ uwdpum;udk rGetrsKd ;om;wkd@u eSpfoufvkd@/ f ,kH=unfvkd@ a&G;aumufyGJrm/ rJay;cJh=uw,f// rGefjynfe,f vkdcsifvkd@ rJay;cJh=u S w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;aejyD;rdk@ aemufxyf rJqENawmif;&ef rvkdawmhbl;[kjrifw,f// a&G;aumufyJG uJhokd@rJqENaumufcyJG jyKvkyfr,fqkd&if/vlenf;pkeJ@vlrsm;pk/ vlenf;pk H tcsif;csif;wkd@udk &efwkdufay;&m/ usa&mufoGm;ekdifw,f//” ekdifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf arv(16)&ufae@wGif/ rGefvl=uD;rsm;jzpf onfh/ ekdifbdk;aus;/ rdapm&SifeSihf ekdifjrwfxGef;eSihf awG@qkHjyD; ar;jref;cJhonf// ta&;ykdifa[mif; ekdifbkd;aus;ua tmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;onf// Page 57: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 57 “rGefjynfe,ftjzpf yxrtqifhtaeeJ@ yJcl;c&kdif/ oxkHc&kdif/ usdKuQrc&kdifwkd@udk D owfrSwfay;oifhw,f// rGefjynfe,f az:xkwf&mrSm/ vlxkrJqEN ,lbkd@ rvkdbl;// u|efawmfhtaeeJ@vkH;0oabmrwlb;l //” ekdifjrwfxGef;rSvnf; atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;oGm;w,f// “rGefjynfe,fay;a&;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek ajym=um;oGm;wJh pum;[m/ jynfaxmifpk pnf;vkH; nDnGwfrSKudk a&S@&SkjyD; ajym=um;w,fvkd@ ,kH=unfw,f// D S yxrOD;qkH;taeeJ@ oxkHc&kdif/ usdKuQrc&kdifudk rGejf ynfe,ftjzpf owfrwf ay;oifhw,f// tjcm;aom/ yJcl;/ xm;0,f/ jrdwfpwJh c&kdifrsm;eJ@ ywfoufjyD;/ oufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxktm; pkHprf;ar;jref;jyD; aqmif&Gufay;apvkdw,f// vlxkrJqEN aumuf,lyGJ jyKvkyfwmudk oabmrwlbl;/ vlxkrJqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyf&if/ vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK jzpfym;vmekdifw,f//” G rdapm&Sitm;vnf; t=uHay;tzGJrS ar;jref;pkHprf;cJhonf// rdapm&Sifonf/ rd[Hom.nDr f jzpfonf// armfvjrdKif rGefpm=unfhwkdufeSihfjywkdurL;jzpfonf// rdapm&Sifuvnf; atmufyg f S twkdif;ajym=um;oGm;w,f// “rGeflvlxk&J@qENudk tpkd;&u od&SdjyD;jzpfvkd@ rGefjynfe,fay;&efom &Sdawmhw,f// rGefjynfe,f zGGJ@pnf;&mrSm/ oxkHc&dkif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk tajccHzGJ@pnf;ay;&r,f//” edkifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@onf/ 1960-ckeSpf arv (16/17)ae@ &ufrsm;wGif/ ausmufpm0efa[mif; ekdifvlaz0if;eSSifh taxGaxGuefx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmfwkd@eSpfOD;udk awG@qkHar;jref;cJhonf// ekdifvlaz0if;uatmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;cJhonf// “jyD;cJwJh taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJrm/ jynfe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ h S 0ifa&muf ta&G;cH=uwJh trwfawG rsm;jym;&kHrubl;/ tJ'Da=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ wufvmwJh trwfawGvnf; &SdaejyD; jzpfw,f// rGefjynfol vlxk qEN ,la&;qkdwm rvkdtyfawmhbl;// rGefjynfolvlxk&J@qENudk xyf,ljcif;[m/ t"du&k%f;rsm;udk zefwD; ovkd jzpfoGm;ekdifw,f// ta&S@eJ@taemuf*smr%D/ awmifeJ@ajrmuf udk&D,m; wkd@uJhokd@ rjzpfapvkdbl;// ,cifu/ u&if/ u,m;/ ucsif/ pwJh vlrsdK;pkwkd@udk jynfe,fay;ovkd rGefjynfe,fudkvnf; ay;&efom&Sdw,f// rGejf ynfe,fudk tajccHtm;jzifh/ oxkHeJ@ usdKuQrc&dkifwkd@eJ@ D pwifzGJ@pnf;ay;jyD;/ yJcl;xnfhekdif&if yJcl;xnfh ay; apvkdw,f//” Page 58: 58 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) t=uHay;tzGJ@u yJcl;e,fwGif oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,l&mY/ rGefrsm;rawG@&onfh udpPeSihf ywfoufI/ ekdifvlaz0if;tm; xyfrHar;jref;jyefonf// ekdifvlaz0if;u atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;oGm;w,f// “tJ'vkdjzpf&wm[m/ pm&if;aumuf,l=uwJh pma&;awGrSm/ c|wf,Gif;csufawG D &Sdw,f// ajzolu/ Ak'<bmomvkd@ ajym,kHeJ/ pma&;u ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ oef;acgif pm&if;rSm xnfhvkduf=uw,f// tJ'Dvkdvkyfc=Jh u[efww,f// rGepmayrwwf&if l f jrefrmpm vkdufpm;bkd@cufcJr,f// rGefpmay zG@HjzdK;wkd;wufbdk@twGuf/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmifay;oifhw,f//” txufygtwdkif; ekdifvlaz0if;onf/ rdrd.tjrifudk jywfjywfom;om;/ &J&J0Hh0HhwifjycJhonf/ Tae&mwGif/ ausmufpm0efa[mif; edkifvlaz0if;eSifh/ pmzwfy&d\wfrsm;udk/ rdwfquf ay;csifonf// ekdifvlaz0if;onf/ rGefrsdK;cspfyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpf onf/1920-ckeSpf yxrOD;qkH; &efukefwuUokdvfoydwfwdkfufyGJrSm yg0ifcJhonfh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf// edkifvlaz0if;ta=umif;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@refvlrsdK;rsm;odoifhodxkdufonf[k,lqonf// G q&m=uD;edkifvlaz0if;udk rGeftrsdK;om;=uD;tz edkif&H0if;/ rGeftrsdK;orD;=uD; trda':rdrdwkd@rS 1900-jynfheSpf ZGefv (20)&ufae@wGif/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@Y zGm;jrifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf/ 1917-ckeSpfwGif txufwef;ausmif;rS/ 10/wef;atmifjrifcJhjyD;/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@ &efukefwuUodkvfwGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf// 1920-jynfheSpf/ yxrwuUokdvf ausmif;om; oydwfarSmuf&mwGif/ ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpfygcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf xkdpOftcgu/ bD-at/txufwef;ausmif;om;r#om&Sdao;onf// yxroydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;rSm/ (11)OD;r#omjzpfjyD;/ aemufxyfjznfhpGuf(15)OD; pkkpkaygif; (26)OD; jzpfvmcJhonf// rlv(11)OD;wGif/ aemufxyf (15)OD; jznfhpGuf&m/ rif;vlaz0if;yg0ifcJhonf// rif;vlaz0if;onf/ (bD-at) bGJ@udk/ 1924-ckeSpfwGif &&SdcJhonf// 1925-ckeSpfZGefvrSpI &efukefwuUodkvf/ ta&S@wkdif; bmom&yfrsm;qkdif&m uxdutjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf// umvuwWm;wuUokdvfY/(trf-at)bGJ@udk tvGwf0ifa&mufajzqkd&m/ xl;c|efpGmatmifjrifcJhonf// yxryif&&SdcJhI/ a&$wHqdyfqkeSifhaiG/200d/ csD;jrSifhjcif;udkcHcJh&onf// q&m=uD; ekdfifvlaz0if;onf/ 1936-ckeSpfrS/ 1957-ckeSpftxd/ jrefrmedkfifiHa&S;a[mif; okawoe n$ef=um;a&;0ef (ausmufpm0ef)tjzpfvnf; aqmif&GufcJhonf// q&m=uD; ekdifvlaz0if;onf// usrf;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jrefrmbmom/ t*Fvdyfbmom wkd@jzifh a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf// Page 59: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 59 edkifiHawmftpdk;&t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ekdfifvlaz0if;tm;ar;jref;jyD;aemuf/taxGaxGuefx&dkufwm/ edkfifrGefaxmftm; qufvufar;jref;jyefonf// edkfifrGefaxmfonf atmufygtwkdif;ajym=um;cJh onf// “oxkHc&kdifeJ@ usdKuQrDc&kdifwkd@udk yxrtaeeJ@ rGefjynfe,f owfrwfay;oihfw,f// S jzpfekdif&if/ yJcl;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;ay;apvkdw,f//” xkdodk@ ekdfifiHawmftpkd;& t=uHay;tzGJ@rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh vl=uD;rsm;udk csOf;uyfjyD; qENar;jref;pkHprf;aepOfrSmyif/ 1960-ckeSpfZlvkdifv(1)ae@wGif/ rGefwkdfif;vkH;qkdif&m [dw*a0oD rGefoHCmhtzGJ@csKyf. eSpfywfvnf tpnf;ta0;udk &efukefjrdK@ykZGefawmif/ a&=unfjymom'fausmif;Yusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSatmufygawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdcJhonf/ (1) rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&mwGif/ vlxkqENaumufcHyGJ vkH;0rjyKvkyf&ef// (2) rGefudk wvkdif;[k ac:a0: a&;om; aeaom olwkd@tm;/ w&m;pGJekdifaom/ Oya' wpf&yf tjrefqkH; jyXmef;ay;&ef// (3) rGefeSifh ArmvlrsdK; t"du&k%f; jzpfapekdifaom/ &efukefjrdK@ jynfvrf;&Sd tif*sDeD,m ausmif; taqmuftOD;wGif a&;qGJ xm;aom/ [oFm&kyfeSifh a'gif;&kyfwkd@udk zsufodrf;ay;&ef// (4) rGefjynfe,feSifh ywfoufjyD;/ &efukefjrdK@ ay:&Sd rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf t=uHay;tzGJ@wkd@ aqG;aEG;&mwGif/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;. wifjycsufudk TtzGJ@rS av;av;eufeuf axmufcH&ef// 4if;tpnf;ta0; tjyD;wGif/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tpkd;&tzGJ@odk@ wifoGif; arwWm&yf cHonfh/ ausjimcsuf wpfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf// [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfonf/ rGef&[ef;ysdK rsm; pkaygif; zGJ@pnf; xm;aom tzGJ@pnf; jzpfonf// OuUXrSm t&SiftdENu(tHcJ) jzpfjyD;/ twGif;a&;rSL;rSm t&Sifygvdw(urm0uf)wdk@jzpf=uonf// armfvjrdK@&Sd rGeftzJG@pnf;aygif;pkHuvnf;/ rGefjynfe,feSifh ywfoufI oabmxm;w&yf pkaygif;xkwfekdif&ef tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk ac:,lcJhonf// 4if;tpnf; ta0;udk 1960-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv(16)&ufae@wGif/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;XmecsKyf&Sd&m/xm;0,fpk/ yef;bJwef;&yfwGifusif;y cJhonf/ nSdeSKdif; aqG;aEG; yGJodk@/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;/ rGefoef@&Sif;tzGJ@/ jynfaxmifpk rGeftzJG@/&mrnwkdif;vkH;qkdif&mrGeftzGJ@/ wnfjrJzqyveSihfrGefjynfol@wyfOD;wkd@rSukd,fpm;vS,f rsm; wufa&muf=uonf// 4if;nSdeSKdif;tpnf;ta0;rS/ tzGJ@aygif;pkH vufrSwf a&;xkd; xm;aom/oabmxm;ausjimcsufwpfapmifxkwfjyefcJhonf// Page 60: 60 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) edkifiHawmf tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@0ifrsm; jzpfonfh/ OD;wif/ OD;cspfaomif;eSifh OD;tkH;azwkd@ acgif;aqmifaom tzJG@onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkH ar;jref;&eftwGuf armfvjrdKifjrdK@ odk@/ 1960-ckeSpf Zlvkdifv(20)&ufae@wGif a&mufvmonf/ 4if;tzGJ@rS/ rGejf ynfol@ wyfOD;. OuUXekdifatmifxGef;tm; ar;jref;&m/ ekdifatmifxGef;rS atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhonf// “rGefjynfe,ftaumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm/ vlxkqENrJaumufcH,lbkd@roifhygbl;// rGefvlxktaeeJ@ (10)eSpf(10)rdk;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;a=umif;udk vufeufudfkif awmfvSefa&; enf;eJ@ jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// u&ifjynfe,f txJ yg0ifaewJ/h rGeaus;&Gm f (58)&Gmudkvnf; rGefjynfe,fowfrwf&mwGifxnfhoGif; ay;oifhygw,f//rGefjynfol@ S wyfOD;ygwDtaeeJ@ awmwGif; a&mufaevkd@ [kdwkH;u/ u&ifjynfe,f ay;pOf rGef&Gm (58)&Gm xnfhoGi;f jcif;udk ruef@uGuf ekdifcJhbl;// ,ckvkd rGejf ynfol@ wyfOD;ygwD taeeJ@ vufeufudkfif vrf;pOfudk pGef@v$wfwmvnf;/ rGefjynfe,fukd ay;r,fqkdw/Jh ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek&J@uwdpum;udk ,kH=unfvkd@ jzpfw,f//” 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(15)&ufae@rSm [dw*a0oDrGefoHCmtzGJ@csKyfrS/ OuUXt&SiftdENueSifh twGif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvdwwkd@onf/ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJwpf&yfjyKvkyfcJhonf/ 4if;&Sif;vif;yGJ wGiftwGif;a&;rSL;t&Sifygvduu/ atmufygtwdkif; ajym=um;cJhw,f/ “rGefjynfe,f taumifxnf az:a&;twGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpdk;&eJ@ tpkd;& t=uHay; tzGJ@wkd@u/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJ jyKvkyfvkdw,fvkd@ =um;od&w,f// TuJhokd@ vlxk&J@ qENudk ,lr,fqkd&if/ vlrsdK;a&; jy\em/ yÉdyuQrsm;udk zefwD;ay;ovkd jzpfoGm; ekdifw,f// wkdif;jynf&J@ jidrf0yf ydjym;a&;udkvnf; xdcdkuf vmekdifw,f// tjcm;jynfe,fay;cJhpOfu/ vlxkqEN aumufcHyGJudk wpf=udrwpfcgrSvnf; rjyKvkyf f cJh=ubl;// ,ckrSvlxk qENaumufcyGJ jyKvkyfr,fqdkwm/ tpOfvmudk qef@usif&m H usa&mufw,f// 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGif usif;yrJh ygvrefY rGejf ynfe,f Oya' D =urf;wpf&yfudk tjrefqkH; wifoGif;ay;bkd@ [dw*a0oDrefoHCm tzJG@csKyfrS tav; G teufawmif;qkdw,f//” 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfvwGifyif/ &efukefwuUodkvf rGefausmif;olausmif;om;toif;rSvnf; rGefjynfe,fudk tjrefqkH;taumifxnf az:aqmif&Gufay;&ef awmif;qkdonfhausjimcsuf wpfapmifudkxkwfjyefcJhonf// Page 61: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 61 1960-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(22)&ufae@wGif usif;yjyKvkyfaom wwd,t=udrfv$wfawmf/ 'kwd,ae@ ygvDreftpnf;ta0;wGif/ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfOD;ekrS rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,f udpPudkatmufygtwdkif;xyfavmif;ajym=um;oGm;onf// “rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD; txifvGJrSKawG r&Sd&atmif/ tpdk;&oabmxm;udk atmufyg twdkif;&Sif;vif;wifjyyg&ap// (1) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxku jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@qkd&if/ rGefjynfe,feSifh &ckdifjynfe,fudkay;ygr,f// (2) oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&r,f qkdwm oufqkdif&m yk*~dKvfrsm;eSifh wkdifyifjyD; tpkd;& twdkifyifcHtzGJ@u tpkd;&udk t=uHay;&rnf// twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ay;wJh t=uH&vSsif/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@ qENudk tpkd;& ,lay;r,f// 'Dae&mrSm/ xyfjyD; &Sif;jyyg&ap/ tpkd;& twkdifyifcH tzGJ@u/ rGefeSifh&cdkif jynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifh udpPtwGuf/ tpdk;&udk t=uHay;&ef r[kwf/ oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd vlxk&J@qENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,l&rnf qkdwmudk t=uHay;&efomjzpfw,f// 'Dt=uHudk apmedkiforSsapmay;&ef tpkd;&u wkdufwGef;ay;r,f// (3) rGefeSifh&ckdif jynfe,fudpPeSifh ywfoufjyD;/ twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ oGm;a&muf aqG;aEG;=uwJh/ jynfaxmifpktzGJ@ (yxp)0if r[kwfwJh yk*~dKvfawG[m/ oufqdkif&m a'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH; b,fenf;eJ@ ,lekdifr,f qkdwmudkvnf; ajymedkfifw,f// rGefeSifh &cdkifjynfe,fay;oifh ray;oifhqkdwmudk vnf; vGwfvGwf vyfvyf ajymqkdekdifw,f// (4) okd@&mwGif/ jynfaxmifpktzJG@(yxp)0if jzpf=uwJh oufqdkif&ma'o&Sd trsdK;om;rsm;rlum; twdkifyifcHtzGJ@ eSihf aqG;aEG;aomtcg/ oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd vlxkqENudk taumif;qkH;b,fenf;eJ@ ,loifhw,fqkdwJh tcsufudkom aqG;aEG;jyD;/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;oifh/ ray;oifhqkdwJh udpPudk twkdifyifcHtzGJ@eJ@ raqG;aEG; atmifwm; jrpfay;&r,f// (5) jynfaxmifpktzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&m a'o&Sd trsdK;om;awG[m/ rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,f,loifh r,loifh udpPudk/ oufqkdif&m a'o&SdvlxkeJ@ vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa[majymedkifw,f// (6) tu,fI oufqkdif&m a'o&Sdvlxku/ jynfe,fvkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh twGuf/ rGefeSihf&ckdifjynfe,f ay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxJ aqG;aEG;&if jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uwJh oufqkdif&ma'o&Sd trwfawG[m rdrd=udKufovkd vGwfvGwf vyfvyfaqG;aEG;ekdifw,f// rJay;&efudpP ay:vmvSsif vnf;/ rdrdwkd@&J@rJudk vGwfvGwf vyfvyfrJay;ekdifw,f// Page 62: 62 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) (7) tu,fIoufqkdif&m a'o&Sd vlxku jynfe,f vkdcsifw,fvkd@ qkH;jzwfwJh twGuf rGefeSifh &ckdifjynfe,fay;&efudpP v$wfawmfxJrSm ay:vm&if/ jynfaxmifpk tzGJ@&J@ oufqkdif&ma'orS trwfawGuvGJjyD; tjcm;trwfawG tm;vkH;[m rGefeJ@&ckdifjynfe,fay;a&; udpPudk axmufcH=u&r,f//” txufyg 0ef=uD;csKyf OD;ek.rl(7)&ufcsufeSifh ywfoufI/ 1960-=o*kwfv(29)&ufrSm qufvufusif;yaom/ ygvDref tpnf;ta0;wGif/ usdKuQrDtrwf/ edkfifatmifxGef;u atmufygtwkdif; a0zefaqG;aEG;oGm;onf// “edkifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyf&J@ rdef@cGef;udk qef;ppfvkdufvsSif tajz(5)ck awG@&ygw,f// u|efawmf jriffwJhtjrif uawm/h (1)rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;[m/jynfe,f&xdkufw,f// (2)rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;[mjynfe,f vkdcsifwJh qENwu,f&SdvsSifjynfe,fay;rnf// (3) rGefwkdif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ wu,fhqENod&Sdatmif 'Drdkua&pDenf;eSifh at;at; csrf;csrf;/ cspfcspfcifcif aysmfaysmf&$if&$if tusdK;pD;yGm; jzpfxGef;aprnfhenf;eSifhjyKvkyf ay; rnf// (4) onfvkdaqmif&Guf&mrSm/ oufqdkif&macgi;f aqmifrsm;eSifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;rnf// (5) rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;&J@ qENudk od&SdjyD;wJhaemuf od&Sd&wJhtcsuf qENtwkdif; tapmqkH; aqmif&Gufay;rnf/ qkdwJh tcsuf(5)csufbJ qef;ppfvkd@ &ygw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rS &oifh&xkdufwJh t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifh jynfhpkHw,f// rGefvlxkuvnf; rGefjynfe,fudk vdkcsif =ua=umif;udk/ (10)eSpf(10)rdk; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;eJ@ vnf;jycJhjyD; jzpfw,f// a&G;aumufyGJrSm/ rGefjynfe,f&,la&; a=uG;a=umfoHeJ@ 0ifa&muf ,SOfjydKifcwJh/ rGefukd,fpm;vS,f trwfrsm;vnf; ekdifcJh=uw,f// 'grdk@ Jh rGefjynfe,fudkom tjrefqkH; taumifxnf az:ay;&ef awmif;qkdw,f// rGefjynfe,fukd taumifxnf az:wJhae&mrSm vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJh &Srf;/u&if/ ucsif/csif;/u,m;/ trsdK;om;awGudk jynfe,f az:ay;pOftcgu/ rJykH;axmifwJh pepfr&SdcJhygbl;// wcg/ csif;0daoowkdif;/ yvuf0c&kdifudk csif;0daoowkdif;odk@ oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykHaxmifcJhovm;// ucsifjynfe,fokd@ jrpf=uD;em; c&kdifudk oGwfoGif;wJhtcgrSm/ rJykH;axmifcJhovm;// rJykH;raxmifcJhbl;// tJonfjrpf=uD;em; c&kdifrSm qkdvSsifArmawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw,f// 'gwifvm;qkdawmh r[kwfao;ygbl;/ Page 63: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 63 u&ifjynfe,fxJhudk/ rGefaus;&Gmaygif;(58)&Gm oGwfoGif;pOfuvnf; rJykH;axmifwm r&SdcJhygbl;// u|efawmfcyf&Sif;&Sif; tpD&ifcH&rnfqkdvSsif rJykH; axmifwJhpHepfudkawmh/ rvkyfygeJ@vkd@ ekdifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfudk t=uHay;vkdygw,f// jynfaxmifpk jrefrmekdifiH rSm/ vlrsdK;pktrsdK;rsdK; a&mjyGrf;onfh ekdifiHjzpfw,f// vlrsdK;pkH toD;oD; a&mjyGrf; aeonfh ekdifiHrSm/jynfaxmifpkpHepfeSifhjynfaxmifpktkyfcsKyfykHpepfeSifh tkyfcsKyfoGm; jcif;utrSefuefqkH;yifjzpfw,f//” ponfjzifhusdKuQrDtrwf/rGefjynfol@wyfOD;.OuUXekdifatmifxGef;onfygvDrefYtus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;onf// 1960-ckeSpf 'DZifbmv(9)&ufae@wGif/ qufvufusif;yaom jynfol@v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;Y rk'kHtrwf ekdifbkd;pdefuvnf; rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&; udpP&yfrsm;udk us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;onf// trwfedkfifbkd;pdefonf/ urm0uf&Gkm Zmwdjzpfonf// 1268-0gacgifvqkwf(10)&uf/ t*Fgae@rSm arG;zGm;onf// rdbrsm;rSm/ trd˜rduUkaeSmif/ tz˜emJzkdwkd@jzpfonf// acwfynm(10)weff; atmifjrifjyD;/ urm0uftpkd;& tv,fwef;ausmif;wGif ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf// rdaX;,OfeSifh tdrfaxmif usonf// om;oRD;(8)a,mufxGef;um;cJhonf// txufwef;jyq&mr rdtkH;&DeSifh rdat;=unfwkd@. zcifjzpfonf// 1946-ckeSpfrSm zGJ@pnf;aom wkdif;&if;om; tpnf;&kH;. tvkyftrSKaqmif wm0efudk ,lcJholjzpfonf// 1310-ckeSpfrSm ,kd;',m;edkifiH&Sd rGefvlrsdK; wkd@tm;/ pnf;&kH;&ef twGuf/ rGefzkd;csdK/ edkfifatmifxGef;/ ekdifpef;vSKdifwdk@eSifhtwl ,kd;',m;edkifiH odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhonf// 1948-ckeSpfrSm awmcdkcJhonf// 1958-ckeSpf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;eSifh twltvif;0if cJhonf// vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&; umvwav#mufvkH;wGif/ rGefjynfol@ wyfOD;. obmywd tzGJ@0ifwOD;tjzpff xrf;aqmifcJhonf// 1961-ckeSpf Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGif/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&t=uHay;tzJG@u ekdifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyfxHodk@ tzGJ@.tpD&ifcHpmukd wifoGif;cJhonf// 4if;tpD&ifcHpmwGif atmufyg tcsufvufrsm; yg0ifcJhonf// “rGefpum;wwfaom rGevlrsdK;ppfppfwkd@eSifh rdrwkd@udk,fudk rdrwkd@ rGeaoG;ygonf[k f d d f ,kH=unfaom vlwpfpkwkd@onf/ rGefjynfe,fzGJ@pnf; wnfaxmif&ef vkdvm;vSsuf &SdonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,&Sd&ef rvkda=umif;/ jynfe,fvkdvm;olwdk@u/ jynfe,f vkdvm;onfhta=umif;&if;rSm/ rGepmayeSifh,Ofaus;rSKudk xde;f odrf;apmifha&Smuf f vkdaoma=umifhjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfrSK&SdaeonfudkawG@&Sd&a=umif;/ 4if;,kH=unfrSK rSmvnf; obm0usonf[k t=uHay;tzGJ@u,lqyga=umif; wifjyxm;onf//” Page 64: 64 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) oxkHc&kdifeSifh usdKuQrDc&dkif twGif;Y aexkdif=uaom/ vlxk. qENtppftrSefudk od&Sdatmif/ rnfonfh enf;vrf;jzifh pkHprf;&rnf qkdonfhjy\emeSifh ywfoufI t=uHay;tzJG@ OuUX. ar;jref;csufeSifh rGefxdyfoD; acgif;aqmif wpfOD;jzpfol/ a&;jrdK@e,f trwf rGefbkd;csdK. ajz=um; csufwkd@udk avhvmekdif&ef atmufygtwdkif;az:jyvkduf&onf// OuUX// rGefbdfk;csdK// OuUX// rGefbdk;csdK/ //u|efawmfwkd@u/ rGefjynfe,f ay;oifh/ ray;oifh qkdwJh jy\emudk ar;aewm r[kwfbl;// vlxk&J@qENudk b,fvkd ,l&ifaumif;rvJv@dk t=uHawmif; aewmyg// //rSefygw,f/a&G;aumufyJtm;jzifhxif&Sm;aeygw,f//qEN,lyGJvkyfwm G acwfrrSDygbl;// wm0eftvGef=uD;ygw,f/yËdyuQvJjzpfekdifygw,f// //vlxkqEN,lrSjzpfr,fqkd&ifaum/b,fvkdenf;eJ@,l&rvJ// // 'g[m vkH;0r,loifhygbl;// u&if/ ucsif/ u,m;/ tp&Sdwe,fawG Jh ay;wkH;u/ olwkd@&J@ oabmwl nDcsuf r,lbJ/ ay;vkduf ygw,f// 'Djy\em ray:cJhbl;// tck rGefwkd@=urS rJqEN,lbkd@ r,lbdk@ jy\em ay:vmwm[m tpkdk;& tay:rSm/ rGefvlxku ,kHrSm; oHo, jzpfvdrfh r,fvkd@ tpD&ifcH vkdygw,f// u|efawmf taeeJ@/ tpkd;&udk ,kH=unf tm;udk;ygw,f// &Srf;/ u&if/ ucsif/ u,m; rsm;enf;wl/ rGefrsm;udkvJ jynfe,f ay;oifhw,fqkdwm/ xyfrHtpD&ifcHvkdygw,f// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;onf/ enf;AsL[majymif;vJjyD; Oya'abmifodk@ a&mufvmjyD;aemuf/ ekdifiHa&;udk ajcvSrf; us,fus,fjzifh =udK;yrf; vSKyf&Sm; vmonfudk awG@jrifekdifonf// rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. edkifiHa&; v_yf&Sm; pnf;&kH;r_a=umifh rGefwrsKd;om;vkH;onf ,cifuxuf edkifiHa&; edk;=um;vmonf[k qkdekdifonf/tjrdK@jrdK@t&yf&yfwdk@wGif rGefjynfol@wyfOD; tzGJ@pnf; toD;oD; ay:xGef;vmonf/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD; qdkfif;bkwfawG@ jrifvm&onf// yJcl;wGif rGefjynfol@ wyfOD; 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tyif;rsm;eSifh rGeftzGJ@pnf;aygif;pkHwkd@onftrsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;twGuf nDnGwfvm=uonf// rGeftoif;tyif; tzGJ@pnf;aygif;pkHrsm;rS udk,fpmvS,frsm;onf/ rGefjynfe,ftjrefqkH;/ taumifxnfaz:a&;udk xda&mufpGm aqmif&Gufedkifa&;twGuf/ 1961- ek0bFmv(19) d &ufae@rSpI ykZGefawmif&Sd/ rGef"gwk edkifarmifarmifausmif;wGif tpnf;a0;w&yfudk usif;y cJhonf// &[ef; oHCmtyg0if rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;pkHnDpGm wufa&muf=uonf// 4if;nSdkeSkdif; tpnf;a0;rS/ rGefjynfe,f tvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwD(A[kd) jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDudk zGJ@pnf;ekdifcJhonf// Page 70: 70 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) rGejf ynfe,f tvkyfnDnGwfa&; aumfrwD(A[kd) jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD// em,u/ OuUX twGif;a&;rSL; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;rsm; ekdifboGif rGefzkd;csdK ekdifoef;armif ekdifvSwif edkifbdk;[ef ekdifausmfat;/(urm0uf) b'NEWuUKENom&([dw*a[oD) emJygvdw([dw*a[oD) rGef"gwk ekdifaiGodrf; rif;wifaz/ rif;cifarmif tzGJ@0ifrsm; aiGxdrf; (jyef=um;a&;) 4if;zGJ@pnf;vkdfufaom/rGefjynfe,ftvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD(A[kd)jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD wGifOuUjzpfvmol/q&m=uD;rGef"gwkudkpmzwfolrsm;eSifhtenf;i,frdwfqufay;csifygonf// q&m=uD;onf/rGefvlrsdK;udktvGefcspfjrwfekdf;oljzpfonf// rGefzkd;csdK/ rGefoef;/ rGefxGef;&ifponfh/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; 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Page 71: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 71 b0uyifpma&;om;cJhonf//touf(30)wGif/at/wD/tifef/ bGJ@&ol/ wkdufol=uD;wOD;&JhorD;/ a':wifhqkdoleSifhtdrfaxmifuscJhonf//om;oDR;eSpfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf// a':tkef;=uG,feSifh OD;tkef;wifOD;wkd@jzpfonf// q&m=uD;YnDtpfudkaarmifeSr/(6)a,muf&Sdonf// aq;rif;=uD; a[mif;/ a'gufwmodef;armif/ ukvor*~/ urBmhpm;eyf&duQmeJ@ v,f,mpkdufysdK;a&;tzGJ@ a'oqkdif&mn$ef=um;a&;rSL;a[mif; OD;oufpwkd@onf q&m=uD;. nDtudkrsm;jzpfonf// k q&m=uD;onf/bGJ@&jyD;aemufbD/tkd/pD/ukr`%DrSmtvkyf0ifvkyfonf// touf(60)rSmyifpif ,lonf// q&m=uD;onf i,fpOftcgu/ vBuf&nf/ umzDaomufokH;aomfvnf;/ touf(50) aemufykdif;wGif vkH;0raomufawmhacs// tjrJusdKcsufaom aq;jyKwf&nfudkom aomufavh &Sdonf[kod&onf// q&m=uD;onf rGefvlrsdL;jzpfonfhtnD/ rGef&kd;&m aq;rsm;udk eSpfjcdKufonf// rJZmvD&GufeSifh avmufao&Gufudk tajcmufjyK/ trSKef@axmif;jyD;/ a&jzifh usdKaomufonf// TuJhokd@/ jyKwf&nfudk aomufokH;jcif;tm;jzifh/ avvnfonf/ 0rf;rSefonf/ raumif;aom/ ykd;rGm;rsm;. tEW&m,fudkumuG,fonf/ tpma=uonf[k q&m=uD;u &Sif;jywwfonf// aumufnSif;aygif;eSifh aumufnSif;eSifh ywfoufaom tpm;pmrsm;udk q&m=uD;u a&Smif&Sm;onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@,lq=uouJhokd@ aumufnSif; pm;vSsif avylxonf/ avxkd;avatmifh jzpfwwfonf[k q&m=uD;u ajymjywwfonf// EGm;ekd@ukdrl/q&m=uD; tvGefeSpfoufonf// tjrJwrf;vnf; aomufokH;onf[k od&onf// aemufrGef/u&ifrsm; =udKufwwfonfh/ xef;vsufudkvnf; q&m=uD;onf tvGef=udKuf eSpfoufonf// t&ufaopm uif;onf// q&m=uD;onf/ &efukefjrdK@trSwf(25)wuUodkvf &dyfomvrf;aetdrfwGifaexkdifvSsuf&Sdonf//q&m=uD;onfusef;rma&;tvGefaumif;onf// ekdifaiGodrf;/ ekdifcifarmif/ ekdifwifaz/ ekdifausmfat;wkd@onf/ rGefwkd@eSifh tvGeftu|rf;0if olrsm;jzpfI txl;jyKjyD; rdwfquf&ef vkdrnfr[kwf[kxifygonf// edkfifcifarmifonf/ zJ@uwm;&Gmom;jzpfonf// tif*sifeD,mbJG@jzifh ausmif;jyD;xm;oljzpfonf// ekdifwifazonf/ bD;vlu|ef; &GmvGwf&GmrSjzpfonf//(B.A) bGJ@twGuf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif=um; v#uf&Sdonf// ekdifausmfat;onf/ urm0ufZmwdjzpfonf// edkifausmfat;onf/ &efukefjrdK@Y ynmoif =uD;jyif;vmoljzpfjyD;/ trsdK;om;owif;pmwkdufwGif/ owif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkif aeoljzpfonf// 1961-ckeSpf/Zefe0g&D(8)&ufae@wGif/ &efukefjrdK@/ Adkvfwaxmif&yfuGuf/ edaygtrsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;Y rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;tvkyf nDnGwfa&; aumfrwD (A[kd) jzpfajrmufa&; rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcHw&yfudk atmifjrifpGm usif;yekdifcJhonf// 4if;nDvmcHukd/ q&m=uD;rGef"gwku obmywdtjzpf aqmif&GufI/ tcef;em;rSL;tjzpf/ Page 72: 72 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) &efukefwuUokdvfrGeftoif;rS/rif;wifazuaqmif&Gufygonf//obmywd/q&m=uD;rGef"gwk uatmufygtwkdif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;konf// “rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@rSm/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;Y &Sdtyfaom t*FgvuQ%meJ@ nDnGwf jynfpkH aew,f// pum;/ pmay/ aemufcHorfdkif;wkd@eJ@ jynfpkHw,f// rGefjynfe,f awmif;aejcif;rSm/ rrdwkd@&mZ0ifordkif;t&/ bkd;bGm; ydkifqkdifcwJhe,fajrudk d Jh jyefvdkcsifwJhoabmyifjzpfw,f// rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;&J@ jynfe,fawmifqkda&;udk twwfekdifqkH; ygvDref'Drdkua&pD enf;t&/ vkyfaqmifoGm;rSm jzpfr,f// rGefjynfe,f&&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefjynfe,fudk vkdvm;wJhol rGeftrsdK;kom;wkdif; pkpnf; nDnGwf&r,f// jynfaxmifpkom;wkdif;axmufcH vmatmif/ pnf;&kH; vkyaqmifoGm;&r,f//” f nDvmcHwGif/ rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&; &Sif;wrf;udkvnf;/ wifjyaqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// xkdaemufatmufygtqdkrsm;udkwnD wnGwfwnf;twnfjyKcJh=uonf// (1) usdKuQrDc&kdif/ oxkHc&kdifeSihf rGefvlrdsK;rsm;aexkdifaom/ qufpyf&ma'orsm;udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfa&; Oya'=urf;udk 1961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&DvygvDrefwGif/ wifoGif; twnfjyK owfrSwfay;yg&ef TnDvmcHrS/ awmif;qkdonf// (2) rGeftrsdK;om;ae@/rGeftrsdK;om;tvHeSihf rGeftrsdK;om;oDcsif;rsm;udk az:xkwfekdifa&; twGuf/ ykdrdkus,fjyef@aom/ rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;yg0ifonfh/ aumfrwDw&yf zGJ@pn;f I az:xkwfay;&ef/ TnDvmcHrS A[kdaumfrwDokd@ wm0efv$Jtyfonf// (3) (u)/ rSefuefaom trsdK;om;a&;0g' (vlrsdK;=uD;0g'qef@usifjyD;/ vlrsdK;pkHaoG;pnf; nDnGwfa&;wnfaqmuf&ef) xlaxmifoGm;&ef// (c)jynfaxmifpktm; ckdifrm awmifhwif;a&; twGuf/ vlrsdK;pkqkdif&m jy\emrsm;udk pDppf &Sif;vif;&ef// (*)/4if;jy\emrsm; ajyvnfoGm;ap&eftwGuf/ ekdifiHawmftpkd;&u =uD;rSL;jyD; vlrsdK;aygif;pkHyg0if aom/ yifvkHuGefz&ifhuJhokd@aom/ tvm;wluGefz&ifhrsKd ; usif;yay;&eftqkdudk TnDvmcHrSawmif;qkdygonf// (4) (u)jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef/ (c)ygvDref'Drdkua&pDxdef;odrf;&ef/ (*)trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&; wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf/ wlnDaom tzGJ@pnf;rsm;eSihf jynfolvlxk w&yfvkH;wkd@ yl;aygif;um/ trsdK;om; nDnGwfa&;udk r&rae wnfaqmuf oGm;&efTnDvmcH=uD;utrsm;oabmwltwnfjyKonf//2 2 rGefjynfe,faz:xkwfa&;tvkyfnDnGwfa&;aumfrwD/ HDR: Political Papers CII. Page 73: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 73 nDvmcHokd@ udk,fpm;vS,faygif;pkH wufa&mufvm=uonf// oHCmawmfrsm;/ jynfol@ vGwfawmftrwf rGefzkd;csdK/ ekdifatmifxGef;/ yrnw/ obmywdtzGJ@0if/ Adkvfzdk;uGef/ Adkvfvlat;ponfh/ekdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;vnf;wufa&muf=uonf// Tjzpfay:wkd;wufrSK tm;vkH;wkd@onf rGefjynfol@wyfOD;. =udK;yrf;rSK/ tarSsmf=uD;rm;rSK/ pdwf&SnfoD;cHpGm/ pnf;&kH;rSKwdk@a=umifh taumifxnf ay:vmonfqkdvSsif rSm;rnfr[kwf[k xifygonf// tvif;0ifvmaom rGefjynfol@wyfOD;=uD;rm;aom atmifjrifrSKw&yf[k qkd&ayrnf// 4if;aumfrwDwGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; tzGJ@aygif;pkH yg0ifvmonfudk awG@&onf// wuUokdvf rGeftoif;rS/ rGefausmif;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom/ rif;wifaz/ rif;atmifAveSihf rGefvli,facgif;aqmif/rif;ausmfat;(urm0uf)wkd@vnf;wuf=uGpGm/yg0ifvSKyf&Sm;vmonf// xkdtcsdefumvY jzpfay:aeaom ekdifiHa&;tajcaeudk okH;oyf=unfhv#if/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pD enf;jzifh rGefjynfe,fudk taumifxnf az:&,ledkifonf[k rGefjynfol xlxkwkd@u,kH=unf ae=uonfudk awG@&onf// vGwfvyfaom rGefjynfe,ftwGuf vufeufudkif awmfvSef aeaom/ OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. awmwGif;vufeufudkiftzGJ@/ rGefjynfopfygwD tay:/ rGefjynfolvlxk. pdwf0ifpm;rSK/tm;ay;rSK tvGeftm;enf; aeonfudk awG@&onf// rGefjynfopfygwDtay: ,kH=unfrKS tm;enf;onf[kqkdv#if ykdrdkrSefuefayrnf// txl;ojzifh OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usif. 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OD;aqmifrSKjzifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tcGifha&;tjynfh0&Sdaom rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk r=umcif taumifxnf az:ekdifrnf[ktjynfht0,kH=unfae=uonf// OuUX=uD;ekdifa&$usiftaejzifh t&if;&SifygvDref'Drdkua&pDtay: vkH;0t,kH=unfr&Sday// t&if;&Sif ygvDrefenf;jzifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfh0&Sdonfh rGefjynfe,fw&yfudk taumifxnfaz: &,lekdifrnf[kvnf; OuUX=uD;taeeSifh vkH;vkH;r,kH=unfay// 1960-ckeSpf a&G;aumufyGJY wnfjrJ zqyvtzGJ@rS &SKH;edyfhjyD;/ oef;&Sif; zqyvtzGJ@rS tedkif&oGm;onfh tay: ppfwyf&SdppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@u vkH;0auseyfrSKr&Sdonfudk OuUX=uD;rS/ wGufqodxm; onf// tekdif&wufvmaom/ OD;ektpdk;&tay: auseyfrSKvkH;0r&Sdaom ppfwyfrS/ ppfAkdvfcsKyfwkd@onf/ wae@ae@wGift&yfom;OD;ektpkd;&xH rStm%mudk odrf;,lekdifrnf[k OuUXu=udKwifjyD;jrifxm;onf// 1961-ckeSpfazaz:0g&Dv(3)&ufae@wGi/f 0ef=uD;csKyfeSifh ekdifiHa&;tzGJ@toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh awG@pkHaqG;aEG;yJGw&yfudk0ef=uD;csKyf tdrf0if;{nfhcHr¾yfY usif;ycJhonf// Page 74: 74 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 4if;aqG;aEG;yGJwGif/ rGef/ &ckdif/ yxp/yrnw/ zqyv/ paomekdifiHa&; 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pmempdwfjzpfrdI tvGefoem;jyD; usaom rsuf&nfrsm; jzpfedkfifonf// okd@wnf;r[kwf tvGef nufanmif; om,maom oDcsif;oHa=umifh pdwfaysmhajymif; el;nHhvmjyD; usvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;vnf; jzpfekdfifonf// odk@wnf;r[kwf xkdoli,f oDqkdcJhaomoDcsif;. pmom;eSifh t"dy`g,f aphaqmfrSKa=umifh twdwfutvGefqkd;0g;cJhaom/ rdrdwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;. tjzpfoeSpfudk/ jyefvnf owd&/ atmif;arhrdI/ 0rf;enf;a=uuGjJ yD; Page 93: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 93 usvmonfh rsuf&nfrsm;vnf; jzpfekdifonf// xkdtrsdK;oRD;rsm;udk rqdkxm;eSifh xkdvli,f. oDcsif;oHudk =um;rdaom u|efawmfonfyif/ =uufoD; arG;nSif;rsm; xvmrdonf// &kd;&kd;om; 0efcH&v#if/ u|efawmfonfvnf; xkdoli,f qkdoGm;aom oDcsif;a=umifh tvGef pdwfevkH; xdckdufrdoGm;onf// rdrd. eSvkH;om;udk xufaom 'g;oGm;jzifh yg;yg;vGm vSD;jzwf S vkdufovkd cHpm;vdkuf &onf// xkdoDcsif;onf rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0 o&kyftrSefudk az:=uL; xm;onf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0uH=urRm qdk;cJhykHudk uGufuGuf uGif;uGif; jrifvmatmif zGJ@EJ@G odD;qkdxm;aom oDcsif;jzpfonf// uH=urRm qkd;vSwJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. b0jzpfpOf trSefudk jyefajymif; 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apedkifcJhw,f// twdwfu rGefwkd@&J@ ordkif;udk jyefvnf owd& atmif;arh apw,f/ w=udrfwnf;rSm rGefcav;oli,ff wdk@&J@ b0uH =urRm udku|efawmfpOf;pm;rdjyD; 0rf;enf;vkd@ rqkH;jzpfrdw,f// u|efawmfwkd@u ausmif;=uD; rSmat;at; csrf;csrf; pmoif=um;aeekdifayrJh olwdk@rSm toufi,fi,f &G,f&G,feSifh b0udk&kef;uefvSKyf&Sm;ae&w,f// pOf;pm;=unfh&if odyfh0rf;enf; bkd@aumif;w,f//” wqufwnf;rSmyif/udk0if;xdefonf/av;eufaom/rSwfcsufwckudkcsvdkufonf// “'Doli,f[m/ rGefrsdK;cspf vli,fwOD;bJ// ol&J@trsdK;om;twGuf/ rdrdwwfpGrf;aom ae&mrS/ us&m wm0efukd ausjyGefpGm xrf;aqmif aew,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// Page 94: 94 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) rsdK;cspf oDcsif;udk oDqkdjyD;/ trsdK;om; pdwf"gwfudk/ vkdufvH ekd;aqmf aew,fvkd@ u|efawmf jrifw,f// ol@oDqkdaom/ oDcsi;f a=umifh rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@rSm twdwfukd atmif;arhowd&jyD;/ rsdK;cspf pdwfekd;=um;/ wuf=uGvmedkifw,f˜emJ// 'Dvli,f oDcsif; qkdaewmudkawG@awmh/ u|efawmf zwfbl;aom *smr%D vlrsdK;awG&J@ trsdK;om; jyefvnfaygif;pnf; nDnGwfa&;/ =udK;yrf;csdefudk oGm;owd&rdw,f//” 1871-ckeSpfu *smr%DedkifiH[m/ ,ckvdk tajctae r[kwfbl; jynfe,frsm;jzifh/ tpdyfpdyftr$mr$m uJGjym;jcm;em;ae=ujyD;/wjynfe,feJ@ wjynfe,fvnf; rnDnGwf =ubl;// tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m y&&Sif; zuf'a&;&Sif (Prussian) vufatmufrSm &Sdw,f/ tcsdK@ jynfe,frsm;[m/ jyifopf tkyfcsKyfrSKatmuf a&mufae =uw,f/ tcsdK@=uawmh/ awmifydkif;*smr%D jynfe,frsm; (States of South Germany)tjzifh oD;jcm;zGJ@pnf; &yfwnfaew,f// tcsdK@*smr%Djynf e,frsm;rSm/ =opa=w,m (Austria)vlrsdK;wkd@. vufatmuf a&mufae&wJh tcsdefaygh// 'Dvkdaevkd@awmh rjzpfbl;/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awGtm;vkH; nDnGwfjyD;pnf;vkH;bkd@vkdw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;twGuf =udK;yrf;bkd@vkdw,fvdk@jrifwJh/ wuUodkvfu ygarmuQwOD; ay:vmw,f// uGJjym; ae=uwJh *smr%DvlrsdK;awGjyefvnf/ aygif;pnf;nDnGwf =u&eftwGuf/ tJ'DygarmuQu =udK;yrf;vmawmhw,f// tJ'DwuUodkvfygarmuQu/ *smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ jrifhjrwfwJh vlrsdK;jzpfwJhta=umif;/ *smrefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ pdwf"gwfudk jrSifhwifay;rJh trsdK;om;oDcsif;/ pnf;vkH; nDnGwfa&; oDcsif;wdk@udk oDukH; a&;pyfjyD;/ wjrdK@0if/ wjrdK@xGuf/ vkdfufvHoDqdkw,f// *smreftrsdK;om;pdwf"gwfudk ekd;aqmf w,f// ola&;pyfwJh oDcsif;uvnf; tvGeft"dy`g,faumif;/ oloDqkdwJh oDcsif;u vnf; tvGefaumif;awmh/ em;axmifrd=uwJh/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG rsuf&nfus=u w,f// 0rf;enf;=uw,f// *smrefrsdK;cspf pdwf"gwf jyefvnfx=uG ekd;=um; vm=u w,f// tvGefjrifhjrwfwJh/ rdrdwkd@*smrefvlrsdK;u/ ,ckvkd olwyg; vufatmufrSm/ u|efwayguf b0tjzpf a&mufae&wJh tjzpfudk jyefvnfpOf;pm; vmrd =uw,f/ *smr%DvlrsdK;awG tcsif;csif;uGJjym;aevkd@ rjzpfbl;/ jyefvnf nDnGwf=ubdk@vkdw,f qkdjyD;/ owdw&m;&vm=uw,f// tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm/ bpfpruf(Bismarck)4vkd/ rsdK;cspf acgif;aqmifwOD; ay:vmw,f// bpfpruf&J@ xufjrufwJh pnf;&kH;a&; =udK;yrf; aqmif&GufrSK a=umifh/ olwyg; 4 Germany In The Age of Bismarck by W. M. 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rajymwwfolawG/ 'keJ@a'; &Sdvmw,f// u|efawmfwkd@vkd rGefawG jzpfvmw,f// rGefpum;udkrajymwwfwcGef;/ ajymwwfwcGef;jzpfvmw,f// tJ'Duwqifh rdrdukd,fudk rGefvlrsdK;vdk@awmif rcH,lcsif=uawmhbl;// rGefvlrsdK;vdk@ ajym&rSm &Sufvmw,f// tJ'grSm;w,f// rGefvlrsdK;wOD;[m/ Armpum; wwf&kHeSihf udk,fhudk,fudk ArmvlrsdK;vkd@ cH,l=ubkd@ rvkdygbl;// Armpum;udkom ajymjyD;/ udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;pum;udk ajym&rSm &Sufw,f/ qkdwJht,ltq[m rrSefuefbl;// udk,fhvlrsdK;pum; rwwfwJholom/ &Sufbkd@ aumif;w,fqkdwm jrif&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;pum;udk rajymbJ/ Armpum;udk ajymwJhvl[m/ Armvdk [efaqmif aumif;aewJh vlwOD;omjzpfr,f// Armppfawmh rjzpfedkfifbl;// [efaqmif ae&wJh/ rdrd&J@tjzpfudk jrifwwfbkd@/ &Sufwwfbkd@vkdw,f//” udk0if;xdefpum;tqkH;rSm/ udkxGef;azvnf; rdrd.tjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; 0ifa&muf ajymqdk oGm;w,f// Page 101: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 101 “yifudk,ftm;jzifh/rnfolrqkd udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk,fcspfwm=uD;bJ// bmjzpfvkd@,ckvkd/ udk,fhvlrsdK;tjzpfudk cH,l&rSm &Sufa=umufjyD;/ Armvlrsdk; jzpfcsifae=uovJ// bmjzpfvkd@ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udktxifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; ae=uovJ qkdw/Jh ta=umif;&if;udk odbkd@vkdr,f// w&m;cHtppfudk jriffbkd@vdkw,f// w&m;cHtppf[m/ ukd0if;xdef ajymoGm;ovkd@/ r[mArm vlrsdK;=uD;0g'a=umifh jzpfw,f// Arm udkvkdeDtkyfcsKyfrSK pepfopfa=umifh jzpfw,fqdkwmb,folrSrjiif;edkifbl;// 'Dpepfudk u|efawmfwkd@ wkdif;&if;om; jynfolawG tm;vkH; pkpkpnf;pnf; nDnD nGwfnGwfeJ@ wkdufzsufypf=ubkd@vkdr,f//” u|efawmfvnf; raeedkifawmhbJ/ atmuf.ygtwkdif; yg0ifaqG;aEG; ajymqkdrdvmonf// “rGefvlrsdK;jzpf&if/ rGefpum;/rGefpmwwfajrmufatmif/ =udK;pm;&r,f// rGefvlrsdK;[m rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpf&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;wOD;tjzpf [efaqmifjyD; udk,fhudk,fudk txif=uD;pdwf0ifaewmxuf rGefvlrsdK;wOD;jzpf&wm*k%f,l=uprf;yg// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ rSm *k%f,lp&m ta=umif;&mawG trsm;=uD; &Sdygw,f// (1) Ak'<omoemudk yXrOD;pGm udk;uG,f&wJ@vlrsdK;/ Ak'<.qHawmf&SifudkyxrOD;pGm &&SdwJhvlrsdK;/ a&$wd*kHbk&m;tm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcwJ@vlrsdK;// Jh (2) pmaytekynmbufrSm/ Arm/ xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@xufrsm;pGm apmw,f// Armpm/ xkdif;pmaywkd@[m/rGefpmayudktajccHjyD;rS/wDxGifvmaom pmayawGjzpfw,f// (3) qef/ pyg;udk/ ajruGufaz: pdkufysdK;enf;/ a&oGif; pdkufysdK;enf; pepfwdk@udk/ yxrOD;pGm pwiftokH;jyKcJwJh vlrsdK;jzpfw,f// pkdufysdK;a&;enf;pepfopfudk h ta&S@awmif tm&SrSm yXrOD;pGm/ pwiffpkdufysdK;jyD;/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ynmay; cJwJhvlrsdK;// h (4) t&nf;=uD;&[ef;rsm;udk okwfoifz,f&Sm;jyD;/ ArmjynfrSm rSefuefaom/ Ak'<omoemtppf ay:xGef;vmatmif/ omoemjyKcJwJh &[ef;oljrwf/ h &Siftm&[H[m/ rGefvlrsdK; jzpfw,f// t&nf;=uD; &[ef;udk udk;uG,fjyD; t,lwdrf;ae=uwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk u,fwifay;wJhvlrsdK;// (5) *gr%dw&kwfol&Jauif;udk/ 'g;vSH,SOfjydKifxkd;jyD; tekdif,lekdifcJhwJh ol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH[m/ rGefol&Jaumif;jzpfw,f// rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mH u,fwif ay;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awG/ w&kwfwkd@&Jhu|efcH&rJhb0rSvGwfajrmufcJh=uw,f// (6) &mZ0ifordkif;udk avhvm&if/ rGefvlrsdK;[m/ tvGefopPmckdifjrJwJh vlrsdK;/ opPmpum;udk apmifhxdef;wJhvlrsdK;/ owWdAswWd tvGefaumif;wJhvlrsdK;/ Om%f ynmxufjrufwJhvlrsdK;// ponfhxl;jcm;wJh *k%fawG&Sdw,f// 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; rGefol&Jaumif;/ Anm;v*Gef;tdefukd axmufjyD; oufaojy ajymekdifw,f// Page 102: 102 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) Anm;v*Gef;tdef[mbk&ifrif;acgif. OD;acgif;udk udk,fwkdif ykdif;jzwf ekdifvifhupm; bk&if&J@ bk&m;pifay:u wifxm;wJh qGrf;wvkyfukd pm;rdwJhtwGuf/ bk&if&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk odwwfaomtaeeJ@ bk&ifudkrowfawmhbJ jyefvmcJ@w,f// 'gawGudk taxmufxm;jyekdifw,f// rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSm/ *k%f,lp&m tcsufawG/ trsm;=uD;&Sdw,f// 'gawGudk *k%f,lwwf&r,f// ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfjrwfekd; wwfvmatmif/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwf jyefvnfekd;=um;vmatmif vkyfbkd@vkdw,f// *smr%Du wuUodkvf ygarmuQvkd yk*~dKvfvlrsdK; u|efawmfwkd@ rGefvlrsdK;xJrSm ay:vmbkd@ vkdaew,f//” u|efawmfh.pum;tqkH;rSm/ udk0if;xdefonf/ rdrdajymvdkao;aom t,lqudkrqdkif;rwG atmufygtwkdfif;qufvufajymqkdoGm;jyefonf// “rGefvlrsdK;wpfOD;u udk,fhrGefvlrsdK;udk txifao;jyD;/ ArmvlrsdK;udktxif=uD;atmif zefwD;wJhpepf[m rSefuefygovm;// okd@r[kwf/ rGefvlrsdK;wpfOD;u rGefvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; wwfatmif/ cspfjrwfekd; wwfatmif/ *k%f,lwwfatmif/ oif=um; ay;wJhpepfu rSefuefygovm;qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfhyg// todOm%f&SdwJhvlwkdif; em;vnfekdifw,f// trSefu/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk cspfatmif/ udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum; w@dkudk cspfjrwfekd;wwfatmif tm;ay;wJh tpkd;&pHepfrsdK;jzpf&r,f// ekdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykH pHepfrsdK; jzpf&r,f// ,ckvuf&Sd tpdk;&pHepfu udk,fhvlrsdK;&J@ pmay/ pum; tekynm&yfrsm;udk txifjrifao;apjyD;/ Armpmay/ Armpum; Armtekynmudk txif=uD; vmatmif oif=um;ay; aew,f// vlrsdK;wrsdK;u tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKbkd@ =udK;pm;wJh pHepfjzpfaew,f// vufopf udkvkdeDpHepfbJ// 'DpHepf[m rrSefuefbl;/ wkdif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; nDnGwfapwJh pHepfr[kwfbl;// tcsif;csif; pdwf0rf;uGJapwJh pHepfjzpfae w,f// wkdif;jynfuawmh wjynffaxmifvkd@ trnfcHxm;ayrJh/ 'Dwkdfif;jynfxJrSm aexkdif =uwJh vlrsdK;awGu tcsif;csif; rnDnGwf=ubl;// wpdwfw0rf;xJ rjzpfbl;// wdkuf=u ckduf=u/ &efyJGawG jzpfae=uw,f// rqkH;ekdifwJh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae&w,f// vlwrsdK;wrsdK;u tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udk 0g;rsdKae&w,f// zdeSdyfae=uw,f// u|efjyK aew,f// tJ'Dawmh wjynfaxmifvkd@ b,fvkdbJ/ atmfajymaeae/ tpdyfpdyf trGmrGm uGJaewJh wkdif;jynfbJ jzpfaerSmbJ// jyifytjrifrSmawmh wjynfaxmifpkbJ/ twGif;rSm jy\emaygif;pkH/ yÉdyuQaygif;pkHeJ@ tcsif;csif;wkdfufcdkfufae=uw,f// 'gudk wjynfaxmifpkvkd@ vkH;0rac:ekdifbl;//” Page 103: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 103 udkxGef;azvnf; rdrdajymqkdvkdaomtjrifudk atmufygtwkdif; pdwftm; xufoefpGm xyfrH yg0if aqG;aEG;oGm;jyefw,f// “udk0if;xdfef ajymwm u|efawmf vkH;0 axmufcHw,f// 'ga=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ ynmwwfwJh vli,fawG rGefausmif;om; Armausmif;om; u&if ausmif;om; &Srf;ausmif;om;awG pkaygif;nDnGwfjyD; 'DrrSefuefwJh/ rw&m;wJh pepfqkd;udk wkdufzsufypfbdk@vkdw,f// rSefuefwJhpepf zuf'&,fpepfudk xlaxmif =u&r,f// wefwlaom wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;jzihf zGJ@pnf;&r,f// wdkif;&if;om;awG jynfe,ft& cGJjym;jcm;em;ygap/ udk,fhtcsif;csif;u/ wpdwfw0rf;xJ&SdwJhb0rsdK;/ nD&if;tpfudk uJhokd@cspfcif=ujyD;/ wrdom;pk pdwf"gwf&SdwJhb0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmf wkd@u vkdvm;csifw,f// rGefuvnf;ArmvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;uvnf; rGefvlrsdK;udkcspfcifw,f// tJ'Dvkdb0rsdK;udkvkdcsifw,f// wef;wl&nfwl&SdwJh b0rsdK;udk jzpfcsifw,f/// pmay/ pum;awG trsdK;rsdK;uJGjym; =uygap// tcsif;csif; wef;wl/ &nfwl/ =unf=unfjzL/jzL cspfcspfcifcif &if;&if;eSD;eSD;eJ@ aysmfaysmf&$if&$if ae=uwJh b0rsdK;udk/ u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;om;vli,fawGu vkdvm;w,f// trnftm;jzifh wkdif;jynfu wjynfaxmif/ pdwf0rf;u trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym; aewmrsdK; udku|efawmf wkd@ rvkdvm;bl;// jynfe,ft&uGJygap/ pdwf0rf;u wckxJ&Sdwmudk u|efawmfwkd@u vkd vm;w,f// yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH/ yGifhvef; aewJh/ yef;O,smOf vkdaygh yef;aygif; rsdK;pkH ta&mifrsdK;pkH/ yef;awG&SdayrJh/ O,smOfu wckxJaygh/ b,favmuf om,mvkdufrvJ/ tckawmh ArmvlrsdK;u wudk,faumif;qefqef/ yef;O,smOfwckvkH;rSm/ Armyef;wrsdK;bJ &Sifoef yGihfvef;apcsifw,f// tjcm;yef;awGudk yGifhvef;cGifhray;bl;// okwfoifypfbkd@ =udK;pm;w,f// yef;wrsdK;wnf;u O,smOfwckvkH;udk v$rf;rdk; cs,fvS,fcsifw,f// 'Dwudk,faumif;qefrSK[m rSefyghovm;// wkdif;&if;om; tm;vkH;u acgif;ikHaejyD; vufcH &rvm;//” u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;onf ukdxGef;az ajymoGm;wJh t,lqtjrifudk tvGefoabmus eSpfjcdKufvGef;ojzifh u|efawmfwkd@ txJu ausmif;om;wOD;/ eSpfOD;u rrSefuefbl;/ vufrcHekdifbl;/ ab;rS 0kdif;ajymjyD; udkxGef;az. pum;udk axmufcHrSK ay;=uonf// udk0if;xdefuvnf;jyKH;jyD; udkxGef;azudk tm;ay;onf// u|efawmfwkd@ pum;0kdif;onf pnf;um;vmonf// ukd0if;xdefonfvnf; ydkrdkpdwftm;wuf=uG vmykH&onf// atmufyg twkdif; qufvuf ajymqkdoGm; jyefonf// Page 104: 104 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) “ukd,fhvlrsdK;vGwfajrmufa&; twGufwkdufyGJ0if aewJholudk/ tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJ/h vlrsdK;vdk@ pGyfpGJ ajym=u jyefw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif &SdwJh vlrsdK;qkdwm/ ukd,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;r,f// tjcm; vlrsdK;udk txif ao;r,f// jyD;awmh/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD;&kHrubl;/ tjcm; vlrsdK;awGudkyg/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk udk;uG,f txif=uD; vmatmif vkyfwJhvlrsdK;udk ac:wm// 'grdk@ usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrif[m r[mArm 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdcHae&wJh wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awGrm S usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifr&Sdbl;// w&m;aomtjrif/rSefuefwJhtjrifbJ olwkd@rSm&Sdw,f// zdeSdyfcHae&wJhb0rS/ vGwfajrmufatmif/ &kef;uef vSKyf&Sm;rSK rSeforSs[m/ rSefuef w,f// w&m;rSsww,fvkd@bJ/ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f// 'Dvdk vGwfajrmufa&; twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifaewJh vlrsdK;awGudk usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif &Sdolvkd@ b,fvkdvkyf ajymvkd@&rvJ// trSefrSmjrifhjrwfwJhtjrif&SdolbJjzpf&r,f// r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'Dorm;awGrSmom/ usOf;ajrmif;wJhtjrif&Sd=uw,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk avhvm =unfh&if usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifudk awG@ekdifw,f// ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ udk,fhvlrsdK;udk txif=uD; r,f// udk,fhvlrsdK;udk olwyg; txif=uD;atmif vkyfcsif w,f// olwyg;udk;uG,fatmif vkyfcsifw,f// Armordkfif;udk=unfhv#if Ttcsufudk awG@&r,f// ArmvlrsdK;udk rdk;ay:uusvmwJh/ rkd;usa&$udk,fuJhodk@ tvGeftu|H csJ@xGif a&;om;=uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;/ rGef/ &ckdif/ &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;/ u&if/ u,m; vlrsdK;awGta=umif;udk txifao; tjrifao; a&;om;=uw,f// ordkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;/ &ckdifvlrsdK;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ taa=umif;udk ckeSdrfjyD; tvGefrw&m; a&;om; =uw,f// wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK; awG[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK/ edyfhuswJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk cpm;&wJhvlrsdK;/ Armudk armfr=unfh&JwJhvlrsdK;/ ArmvlrsdK;omv#if wu,fh vlpGrf;aumif;/ owWdAswWdeSifh jynfhpkHwJhvlrsdK;/ bkef;wHckd;eSifhjynfhpkHwJhvlrsdK;/ jrifhjrwfwJh omuD0if rif;rsdK;rif;EG,fqkdjyD; trsdK;rsdK;tvGeftr$ef;wif a&;om;=uw,f// Armhpmay/ Armhpum;udk/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;awG roifrae&/ vkyfxm;w,f// Armpmrwwf&if tcGifha&;trsdK;rsd; qkH;&SKH; apw,f// wdkif;&if;om; pmayudk trsdK;rsKd; ydwfyifwm;jrpfw,f// rGefpmay/ &ckdifpmay/ u&ifpmay/ &Srf;pmay/ xGef;um;rSmudk enf;enf;rS rvkdvm;=ubl;// wdkif;&if;om;pmayawG xGef;um; vmjyD;/ wkdif;&if;om;awG todw&m;wkd;wuf vmrSmudkrvdkvm; =ubl;// tJ'Dtjrif[m/ r[mvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// usOf;ajrmif;wJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// wudk,faumif;qefwJh tjrifvnf;jzpfw,f// tJ'Dtjrif [m/ r[mArmvlrsdK;=uD; 0g'DawGrSmom&Sdw,f// zdeSdyfcHae&wJh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm tJ'DtjrifrsdK;r&Sdbl;//” Page 105: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 105 udk0if;xdef.pum;tqkH;rSm u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;u/ 0kdif;0ef;jyD;/ vufckyf/ vuf0g;wD;jyD; tm;ay; jyefonf/ ab;vlrsm;vnf; u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyf &Sd&mudk0kdfif; =unfh=uonf// rif;0if;xdefonf rdrd. &ifxJrSm &Sdaeonfh/ cHpm;csufudk/ yGifhyGifh vif;vif; ajymvdkuf&I/ tvGefauseyf tm;&aeykH ay:aeonf// udk0if;xdef ajymqkdoGm;wJhtay: axmufcHonfh taejzifh u|efawmfuvnf; atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdvkdufonf// “'Duae@ac:qdkaewJh jrefrmedkifiHwckvkH;udk ArmvlrsdK;/ wrsdK;wnf;u urBmhOD;rS tpjyKjyD; pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfvmcJhw,f// ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;u ydkifqdkifcJhw,fqdkwJh oabmrsdK;eJ@ tcsdK@Armorkdif; pmtkyfawGrSm a&;om;xm;=ujyefw,f// tjcm; 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r&Sdvkd@ cGJxGufa&;udk awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 'Dtjrifudk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jrifbkd@vkdw,f//” u|efawmfvnf; udk0if;xdef.t,lqudk axmufcHaomtm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;ajymvkduf onf// “udk0if;xdefajymwmawG tm;vkH;rSefw,f// acwfumv ajymif;vJaejyD;/ ya'o&mZf acwfu tjrifrsdK;vJ/ rnfolrS r&Sdawmhbl;// udk,fhrif;/ udk,fhbk&ifeJ@ oD;jcm;urBmh=uD; Page 107: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 107 xlaxmifvkdwJhtjrifrsdK;vJ/ wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm r&Sd=uawmhbl;// cGJxGufa&;udk rnfolrS rvkdvm;awmhbl;// wdkif;jynfudktpdyfpdyf trGmrGmuGJapwJh tjrifrsdK;vJ/ b,folrSr&Sdbl;// wef;wlyl;aygif;a&;eJ@ wef;wltcGifha&; twGufawmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0if ae=uw,fvkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f// wdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH; ArmvlrsdK;tyg0if wkd@udk wef;wl nDr#wJh tcGifha&;ay;ekdfifwJh taumif;qkH;pHepf[m/ zuf'&,fpepfvkd@ wdkfif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif awGujrifw,f// tJ'Dvkd wef;wl tcGifha&;twGuf awmif;qkd aewJh wkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifwkd@udk/ cGJxGufa&;orm;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u rw&m; pGyfpJajymqdk ae=uw,f// 'ga=umifh rvkdvm;tyfwJh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae&w,fvkd@ G u|efawmfjrifw,f//” u|efawmfhpum;tqkH;rSm/udk0if;xdefuatmufygtwkdif;ajymqdkoGm;jyefonf/// “jrefrmedkifiHudk zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk pHepfeJ@xlaxmifr,fqdk&if/ zuf'&,f pHepftwGif;&Sd/ wkdif;&if;om;tm; 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u|efawmfwkd@eSifh rdwfqufonf// olonf/ aumhbdef;aus;&GmrS/ q&mawmf OD;ynm'DyeSihf twlvkdufygvmaom/ 'um jzpfonf// q&mawmfonf/ armfvjrdKifwGif udpP&SdI oGm;a&muf aqmif&GufjyD;aemuf/ ,ckreuf armfvjrdKifrS aumhbdef;&Gmokd@ jyefvmonf[k od&onf// q&mawmfeSifh/ Page 108: 108 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 'umrsm;onf/ oabFmOD;cef;/ txl;wef;wGif vkdufygpD;vm =uojzifh/ u|efawmfwkd@ vltkyfowdrxm;rdjzpfcJh=uonf// q&mawmfOD;ynm'Dyudk/ u|efawmf emrnftm;jzifh odu|rf; &if;eSD;aeonfrSm/ =umjyD;jzpfonf// 'gayrJhvludk,fwkdifwcgbl;rSs/ rawG@&ao;acs/ &if;eSD;rSKvnf; r&Sdao;yg// OD;ynm'Dyonf/ rGef&[ef;oHCm todkif;t0kdif;wGif/ tvGef emrnf=uD;aom/ q&mawmfwyg;jzpfonf// rGe&[ef;awmfrsm;jzpf=uaom/ edkifodCF/ f edkifygvdwwkd@uJhokd@yif/ trsdK;om;ta&;wGif/ tvGefemrnf=uD;rm;aom/ yk*~dKvfyifjzpfonf// rGeftrsdK;om;xk w&yfvkH;u/ txl;av;pm; =unfndKjcif;udk cH&onfhyk*~dKvf jzpfonf// ynmwwf tausmftarmf wOD;vnf;jzpfonf// usrf;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jyKpka&;om; cJhaomyk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfonf// 4if;tjyif/ &mrn"rRp&d,tzGJ@. twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; 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pdwf"gwf wuf=uGapcJhonf// rGefjynfvlxkwkd@. ekdifiHa&; tjrif/ ekdfifiHa&; todw&m;onf/ 'Da&tvm; t&Sdefjrifhrm;vmonf// rGefjynfolvlxkwkd@. rSefuefaom trsdK;om; awmif;qkdrSKudk tjcm;aomwkdif;&if;om; jynfolvlxkrsm;uvnf; yg0ifaxmufcH vm=uonf// rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfe,fudk rvGJra&Smifom ay;&rnfh tajcodk@ a&mufvmjyD; jzpfonf/ rGefjynfe,f/ &ckdifjynfrlusrf;udkyif/ ygvDrefwifoGif; twnfjyK&ef pkdif;jyif;vm=uonf// Page 116: 116 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) 1961/62-ckeSpfpmoifeSpf/ aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufonf eD;uyfonfxufeD;uyfvmonf// aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf(2)vwGif/ ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;eSifh rvGJra&Smifom cGJcGm=uOD;rnfqkdaom todonf/ ausmif;om; toD;oD;Y jzpfay: vm=uonf// oli,fcsif; rsm;eSifh cGJcGm&jcif;onf/ tvGefpdwfyifyrf;/ eGrf;e,faom/ tvkyfjzpfonf// cGJcGm=u rnf[laom todonf ausmif;om;wkdif;tm;/ ajcmufvSef@aeonf/ xkda=umifh/ aumvdyf ausmif;om;rsm;onf/ ausmif;rydwfcif/ taz:taygif;toif;rsm;eSihftwlwl/ a&Smufvnf =ujcif;jzifh tcsdefudk ukefqkH;apwwfonf// u|efawmfwdk@ aumvdyfrGefausmif;om;wpkonf/ wOD;udkwOD;rcGJcGm=ucif/ uwdk;aumheSyf&Gmodk@oGm; 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rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;udk olwyg;aus;u|ef jzpf&r,fhb0rS u,fwifay;cJhwmvJ/ rGefol&Jaumif; ordefA&mHjzpfw,f// 'D*k%faus;Zl;awGudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;awG odwwfbdk@ aumif;w,f// rGefvlrsdK;&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ b,fawmhrSvJ rodwwfbl;// aus;Zl;uef; =uw,f// Arm&mZ0ifu vGJvJrSm;rSm; a&;om; xm;wmudk oif=um;jyD; rif;wkd@ G Arm vli,f[m/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSm/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tjrifawG udef;atmif; ae=uwm/ rif;wkd@udk igwdk@tjypfrwifcsifbl;/ tjypfvJ rjrifcsifbl;// yk*Htif;0 acwf/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifwkd@rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvdk@bJokH;eSKef; cJhw,f/ ukef;abmifacwf ordkif;/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@acwfus awmhrSbJ/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ ‘wvkdif;’vkd@ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vm=uw,f// t"dy`g,fu ‘vl&kdif;rdp>maumif’qkdjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfjyD;ac:vm=uwm// 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;u rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xuf ,Ofaus;rSK jrifhrm;w,f/ bmomw&m; udkif;&Skdif;w,f// 'kd@vlrsdK;[m vl&kdif;r[kwfbl;// ‘vl&kdif;rdp>maumif’ac:p&m&Sd&if/ rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;udkbJ 'dk@uac:&rSm Arm ya'o&mZf ordkif;q&m awG&J@ rSKdif;wkdufrSKudk rif;wkd@vli,fawG cHae&wm// igwkd@ oabmaygufygw,f// 'ga=umifh ordkif;trSefudkrod em;rvnfwJh rif;wkd@ Arm vli,fawGtay: igwdk@u cGifhv$wf oD;cHcJhw,f// rif;wkd@ em;vnfatmif &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if/ igwdk@rGefvlrsdK;[m/ xD;eJ@eef;eJ@/ usiSef;eJ@ aevmcJwJhvlrsdK;/ Armtif;0e,f txd 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG/ ykdifpdk;cJhbl;w,f/ 1752h ckeSpfrSm/ tif;0e,f[m/ 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ ajczsm;atmuf a&mufcJhbl;w,f// rif;wkd@ Armtif;0e,f[m 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ vufatmufcHe,f jzpfcJhbl;w,f// 'dk@rGefbk&if/ Anm'vrif;[m tvGefpdwfxm;jrifhjrwfw,f// bmomw&m;udkif;&SdKif;w,f// owW0gwkd@tay:/ arwWmw&m; 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jynfolvlxk od&Sdatmif a&;om;jcif;om jzpfonf// trSefudkod&SdjyD; oifc%f;pm,ledkfif&efjzpfonf// u|efawmftm;cGifhv$wf=u&ef/ aoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om;eSifh udkaw;wdk@tm; tel;tnGwfawmif;yefygonf//)5 5 rmHaw;(c)rif;atmifxGef;onfaxmifrSvGwfvmaomae@wGifxDxkd;cJhonf/xkdvufrSwfjzifhodef;qkaygufjyD; olaX;jzpfoGm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif=unfhyg/ Page 125: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 125 urm0uf&GmwGifu|efawmftem;,lae&if;/ {jyDv/o=uFeftcsdefumvodk@ a&mufvmonf// tzGm;u/ Oyk'foDwif; apmihfwnf&ef wkdufwGef;ojzihf tzGm;eSifhvkdufoGm;cg/ ajcaoFh eSpfaumif bkef;=uD;ausmif;wGif/ Oyk'foDwif; apmifhwnfaeonf// wae@wGif rarSsmfvifhbJ/ udk0if;a,mfeSifh/ udkausmfat;wkd@eSpOD;onf/ u|efawmfOyk'foDv apmifhwnf aeaom f bkef;=uD;ausmif;odk@ a&mufvm=uonf// udk0if;a,mfeSihf udkausmfat;wkd@udk u|efawmfu/ ac:ajymeSKwfqufjyD;/ Z&yftay: wufxkdif&ef zdwfac:vkdufonf/ udkausmfat;udk pmzwfolrsm; odjyD;jzpfonf[k xifygonf// udkausmfat;onf/ urm0uf&Gm Zmwd jzpfonf// &efukefjrdK@Y =uD;jyif;vmol wOD;jzpfonf// trsdK;om; 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wdk@. =udK;yrf;rSKtay: rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u rauseyfjzpfvmI trsdK;rsdK;wkef@jyefvmonf// zqyv tzGJ@csKyf. edkifiHa&;xkd;eSufcsufonf rGef-u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@tay: tvGefxda&muf oGm;onf// 194&-ckeSpf =o*kwfv(6)&ufae@wGif usif;yonfh rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; tvkyf trSKaqmiftzGJ@ txl;tpnf;a0;uvnf; ausjimcsuf wapmifxkwfjyefI u&ifvlrsdK;wkd@. =udK;yrf;csufudk uef@uGufcJhonf// ausjimcsufrSm// “weoFm&Dwkdif;tm; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,ftjzpf awmif;qkdjcif;rSm vkH;0ravSsmfuefyg// ,cktcg atmufjrefrmjynf[k ac:qkdonfh &mrna'owGi/f rGeeifhu&if twlwuG f S a&S;ya0o%Duwnf;u/ oifhjrwfpGm aexkdif=uouJhokd@ ,ckvnf; aexkdifvsSuf &Sd=uonf// &mZ0ift&'GefwGJI/ aexkdifvmaom/ TvlrsKd ;eSprsdK;rSu&ifwrsdK;wnf;u/ f v$r;f rdk;I e,fy,f xlaxmif&ef awmif;qkdjcif;rSm/ ravsmufywfaom/ udpjP zpfonf// xkda=umifh/ rGewkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS Todk@awmif;qkdjcif;udk tjyif;txef f uef@uGufonf// rGef-u&if&mrn e,fy,ftjzpf xlaxmifjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@ taejzifh/ vkH;0ruef@uGufvkdyg// u&iftrsKd ;om;wpfO;D wnf; u&ifoD;jcm;e,fy,f jyKvkyfjcif;udkrl/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@taejzifhvkH;0 vufrcHekdifyg//”15 rGefwkdif;&if;om; 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ekdfifvSarmif rGefocif=uD;/ekdfifjratmif ekdifaiGodrf; Page 190: 190 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) wJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; G jyef=um;a&; b¾ma&;rSL; pm&if;ppf pnf;&kH;a&;rSL; trsdK;orD;XmerSL; tvkyform;XmerSL; v,form;XmerSL; vli,fXmerSL; edkfifodrf;armif/ edkfifbvGif ekdifomeSif; ekdifom[ef ekdifpdefxGef;(zJuwm) rd[Hom ekdfifpdefxGef;/ekdfifxGef;armif/ rGefpHol rGefq&mwif/ wkd@yg0ifaomtvkyftrSKaqmiftzGJ@opfudka&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf// xkdzg;atmufaus;&GmrGevlrsdK;a&;&mnDvmcHrSatmufygwckwnf;aomtqkdudkwifoGif; f qkH;jzwfcJh=uonf// “rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;u/ rdrdwkd@onf vlrsdK;wrsdK;tjzpf/ wnf&SdaeonfhtavSsmuf/ rdrdwkd@. trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;rSKudk xdef;odrf;&ef tcsuf(7)csufygaom awmif;qkd csufudk/ zqyvtpkd;&xH/ wifjy awmif;qkdcJhonf// xkdawmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk zqyv tpkd;&uy,fcscJhojzifh TnDvmcH=uD;u 0rf;enf;a=umif; rSwfwrf;wif a=umif;// xkd@odk@y,fcsjcif; cH&onfhtwGuf/ rGeftrsK;om;wkd@. a&S@qufvkyf&efrSm/ d rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. udk,fykdifjyXmef;cGifh/ (National Self Determinataion)/ tcGifha&;rsm;&Sdaom rGefjynfe,fudk wnfaqmuf&ef 'Drdkua&pDenf;t&/ awmif;qkd wkdufyGJ0if&ef qkH;jzwfa=umif;// tu,fI 'Drkdua&pDenf;t& awmif;qkdcGifhudk tm%m&tzGJ@pnf;rS ydwfyifvSsif &onfhenf;jzifh enf;vrf;&Sm=uH vkyfoGm;&ef//” 194&-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(3)&ufae@wGif/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzJG@csKyfrS =uD;rSL;I vlxk &Sif;vif;yGJudk armfvjrdKifjrdK@/ usdKufokwfbk&m;&ifjyifY/ usif;ycJhygonf// 4if;&Sif;vif;yGJo@kd rGefvlxkeSifh e,ftoD;oD;rS/udk,fpm;vS,frsm;eSifh rGeftrdsK;om;(100000)cef@ wufa&muf =uonf// 4if;qENjyyGJ=uD;wGif armfvjrdKifjrdK@ay:eSifhjrdK@e,f toD;oD;rS rGefoHCmawmfrsm;/ tv$mtoD;oD;rS rGeftrsdK;oRD;/trsdK;om; aygif;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf/ owfrSwf xm;aom armfvjrdKif'kdif;0efuGif; u&ifausmif;wGif pk&kH;a&muf&Sdvm=uonf// eHeuf(7)em&D tcsdefrSpI/(4)a,mufwwGJpD pepfwuswef;pDI csDwuf qENjy=uonf// pk&yf u&ifausmif; Page 191: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 191 rSxGufvmaom a&S@wef;rS yk*~dKvfwkd@onf/ armfvjrdKifaps;=uD;&yfuGufodk@ a&mufonfhwkdif/ pk&yfae&mwGif vltkyf=uD;onf/ rukefekdifao;bJ rsm;jym;pGmpk&kH;vSsuf&Sdaeao;onf// TrsS rsm;jym;aom rGefvlxk=uD;onf/ trsdK;om;ta&;wGif wuf=uGpGm/ pdwftm;oefpGmjzifhyg0ifcJh =uonf// pDwef;vSnfhvnf qENjyaom rGefvltkyf=uD;onf/ “rGefjynfe,f csufcsif;ay;” ykdpwmrsm;udk udkifaqmifxm;=ujyD; atmufyg a=uG;a=umfoHrsm;udk jydKifwl a=uG;a=umf cJh=uonf/ “rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/” “rGefjynfe,fcsufcsif;ay;/” [lI wcJeuf tqufrjywf a=uG;a=umfatmf[pf awmif;qkdcJh=uonf// rGefvlxkwkd@. wcJeufa=uG;a=umfvkdufaom a=uG;a=umfoHonf/ ywf0ef;usifwckvkH;udk wkH[D;oGm;ap cJhonf// owfrSwfxm;aom aemufqkH;pk&yfjzpfonfh/ oHvGifO,sOfodk@ eHeuf(11)em&DwGif vlxky&d\wf=uD; pkHnDpka0;a&mufvm=uonf// pka0;a&muf&Sdvmonfh/ axmifaomif; rsm;pGmaom rGefvlxktm;/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf OuUXekdifvSarmifu/ ordkif;wGifaom atmufyg rdef@cGef; pum;udk tm;rmefjzifh wufwuf=uG=uG jrGuf=um;oGm;cJhonf// “rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;onf/ vlrsdK;a&;t*Fg&yfrsm;eSifhjynfhpkHaom/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;jzpfonfh tavSsmuf rdrw@dk &J@ udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifh jzpfonfh/ rGefjynfe,f xlaxmif&ef/ d zm;atmuf&GmY usif;ycJhaom/ rGeftrsdK;om;nDvmcHrS wnDwnGwfwnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcscJhonfudk/ rGefjynfolrsm;od&SdjyD;jzpfw,f// 'DvkdrGefjynfe,fawmif;&ef/ qkH;jzwfcJhonfrm/ tjcm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;. &ykdifcGifhudk S xdckdufapvkdI r[kwfyg// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bkd;bGm;ydkifqkdifcGifhudk/ w&m;ojzifh jyefvnf awmif;qkdaejcif;rsom jzpfw,ff// Todk@ rGejf ynfe,f xlaxmifa&; S vkyief;udk twwfedkifqkH; 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& aqmif&GufoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f// f ,ae@ rGetrsKd ;om;wk@d &J@ at;csrf;pGm pnf;urf;ao0yfpGm qENjypDwef; vSnfhvnf f aejcif;uyif oufaocHaejyD;jzpfonf// rGevlrsdK;wkd@&J@ &oifh&xkdufaom/ ukd,fuH f =urRm/ udk,fzefwD;cGifh(Right of Self Determination)ukd w&m;ojzifh/ 'Drdkua&pD enf;vrf;t& awmif;qkdonfukdyif aeSmuf,Suf zsufpD;vmygu/ rGejf ynfe,f&wJhtxd/ &edkifonfhtaumif;qkH; enf;vrf;rsm;udk a&G;cs,fjyD;/ G f rGefjynfolvlxkeSifhvufwJcg/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@rS qufvuf vkyaqmifoGm;&ef oH'Xmefcsxm;jyD;jzpfw,f// 'dvo'XmefcsrSwf aqmif&Guf&mrSm/ rGeftrsdK;om; d dk H d w&yfvkH;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ wufwuf=uG=uG yl;aygif;yg0if=ubkd@ tav;teuf wkdufwGef;vkdygw,f//” Page 192: 192 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) OuUX=uD;ekdifvSarmif.rdef@cGef;tqkH;wGif/ rGefvlxky&d\wf=uD;u/ wcJeuf vufckyfvuf0g; wD;I =obmoHay;=uonf// xkdaemuf=uGa&mufvmaom/ vlxky&d\wf=uD;u atmufyg qkH;csufrsm;udk/ wnDwnGwfwnf;wcJeufqkH;jzwf =uonf// (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhwuG/ usqkH;oGm;aom/ 0ef=uD;rsm;udk vkyf=uHowfjzwfaom vlowform;wkd@udk Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u/ txl;uJ&J@&Skwfcsyga=umif;// h (2) rGefwkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&Sd onfhtwGuf/ 0rf;enf;a=umif;// (3) rGefwkd@onf/ ArmedkfifiH&Sdwkdfif;&if;om;/ tcsif;csif;eSifh &if;eSD;nDnGwfpGm/ qufqHvkdvm; onfhtavSsmuf rGefwkd@.w&m;ojzifh awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk awmif;qkdaomfvnf;/ tpkd;&u auseyfavmufatmif vkdufavsmjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf oD;jcm; jynfaxmifpk taeeSifh awmif;cJhaomf/ ydkrdkc&D;a&mufvdrfhrnf[lI Ttpnf;ta0;=uD;u ,lq a=umif;// (4) txufyg qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;eSifh ywfoufI ay:aygufvmaom/ udpPrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&ef rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@(XmecsKyf) tvkyftrSKaqmiftzJG@odk@ tm%m v$Jtyfa=umif;// [lIjzpfonf// TrGefjynfolvlxk. qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;t&/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ rGefoD;jcm; jynfe,f ay;&ef twdtvif;awmif;qkdvmonf udkavhvmawG@&Sd&onf//17 1947-ckeSpfatmufwkdbmv(11)&ufae@wGif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpf=uaom edkifbvGif/ ekdifpHolwkd@u owif;pmq&mrsm;eSifh awG@qkH&Sif;vif;yGJ w&yfudk armfvjrdKifjrdK@ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@&kH;XmecsKyfY usif;yonf// xkdowif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJY rdrdwdk@awmif;qkdrnfh rGefoD;jcm;jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;udk edkifbvGifeSihf edkfifpHolwdk@u &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// ekdifbvGifeSifhrGefpHolwkd@. &Sif;vif;wifjycsufwkd@rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf// “rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufteufrS/ zqyvtpkd;&u/ tcsuf(1) (3)eSifh (4)wkd@udkom ay;jyD;/ useta&;=uD;aom/ tcsufrsm;udkrvkdufavsmojzifh/ f rGetrsKd ;om;rsm; taejzifh/ ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufI awmif;qkdvm&w,f// 1947f ckepf atmufwbmv(9)&ufae@u/ rGetrsKd ;om; tpnf;t&k;H XmecsKyfwi/f S dk f G acgif;aqmifrsm; pnf;a0;=ujyD;/ atmufjrefrmedkifiH/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. e,fy,frsm;udk/ rGefoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpktjzpf owfrSwfay;bkd@ awmif;qkdrnfjzpfa=umif; qkH;jzwf 17 1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268 Page 193: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 193 =uw,f// tus,ft0ef; twdtusajym&vSsi/f rGeoD;jcm; jynfaxmifpkonf/ f taemufbufwGif ykodr/f taemufyifv,f urf;&kd;wef;/ ajrmufbufwGif o&ufjrdK@/ ta&S@bufwGif awmifile,f ajreDukef;jrdK@&Sd rSwfwkdifrsm; txdeSifh awmifydkif;wGif 0dwkd&d,iltxd yg0ifygw,f//”18 ekdifbvGifeSifh rGefpHolwkd@onf/ ajrykHeSihfwuG taotcsm/ owif;axmufrsm;tm; &Sif;vif; wifjycJhonf// owif;axmufrsm;. tar;rsm;udkvnf;jyefvnfajz=um;&Sif;vif;cJh=uonf// “tu,fI ,cktcsdefrSm zqyv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&u/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudk vkdufavsmcJhyg&if/ rGefvlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh auseyf=u rnfvm;// ToD;jcm; rGejf ynfaxmifpke,f awmif;qkdjcif;udk jyefvnf&kwfodrf; rnfvm;//” f txufygowif;axmufwOD;.ar;jref;csufudk/ekdifbvGif/ rGepHolwdk@u atmufygtwkdif; h ajz=um;cJonf// d “,ae@rGefvlxkrSm/ rdrwkd@&J@rlv awmif;qkdcsuf/ (7)csufudk zqyvtwdkifyifcH tpkd;&uvkdufavsm apumrl/ tvkdr&Sdawmhbl;// rauseyfawmhbl;// rdrdwkd@&oifh &xkdufwJh/ rGefoD;jcm;jynfaxmifpke,f&rSomauseyfawmhr,f// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@&J@ awmif;qkdcsufudk/ ,ckr&&ifvnff;/ vGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcg/ qufvufawmif;qkd oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f// zqyvtzGJ@udka&m/ tjcm;rnfonfhtzGJ@pnf;udkyg/ twkdufcH vkyfvkdIr[kwfyg// rdrdwkd@ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifha&;udk awmif;qkdjcif;omjzpfw,f// AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; r=umc% ajymqkdaewJh/ vlrsdK;pkwkdif; udk,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh &Sd&r,fqkdwJh tjrifudk/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@u tjynfht0 axmufcH =udKqkd w,f/// ukd,fhuH=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifhudkom rGevlrsdK;wkd@ awmif;qkdjcif; jzpfw,f// f rGevlrsdK;wkd@&J@ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvf f (Lord Listowel)eSifh jrefrmekdifiHbk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH 0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf;/ a=u;eef;&dkufta=umif;=um; jyD;jzpfw,f//”19 ekdfifbvGifeSifhedkfifpHolwkd@utxufygtwdkif;@jywfjywfom;om; ajz=um;oGm;onf// 18 19 1958-1962/jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268 1958-1962./jrefrmekdifiHa&;/pm/268 Page 194: 194 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) ya'o&mZftaiG@toufrukefao;aom r[mvlrsdK;=uD;0g'udkudkifpJGxm;onfh/ zqyv twkdifyifcHtpdk;&onf/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csufudkf y,fcs cJhonfhtwGuf ,ckvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u wkd;jrSifhI awmif;qdkvmjcif;jzpfonf// Armya'o&mZf wkd@ rw&m; tekdif,l odrf;ykdufxm;aom/ rdrdwdk@.bdk;bGm; ydkifqkdifonfh/ e,fajra'o tm;vkH;udk/ rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@u jyefvnfawmif;qkdvmonf udkawG@&Sd&onf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(9)&ufae@u jyKvkyfusif;yaom/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm; tpnf;a0; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk/ jrefrmekdifiHqkdif&m/ 0ef=uD;avmh'fpwkd0,fvfeSifh/ jrefrmekdifiH bk&ifcH/ jrefrmekdifiH0ef=uD;cskKyfwkd@xHokd@vnf; xkdae@rSmyif/ a=u;eef;&dkuf ta=umif;=um; vkduf=u onf// 1947-ckeSpf arv(1)&ufae@Y pwifusif;yaom/ wkdif;jynfjyK v$wfawmftpnf;a0;rS jrefrmekdifiH zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyD;/ u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;udkom/ tcGifha&; ay;vkduf=uonf// rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@twGuf tcGifha&;ay;jcif; r&Sdonfhtay: rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@u rauseyfI ,ckvkd wpfqifhwufawmif;qkdvmonf[k qkdekdifygonf// zqyv twkdifyifcH tpkd;&. rGefvlrsdK;tay: xm;&Sdaomoabmxm;udk rauseyfI rGefacgif;aqmifwkd@rSm wif;rmaomtjrif oabmxm;&SdvmjyD;/ ,ckvkd atmufjrefrmekdifiH wckvkH;udk awmif;qkdvmonf[kvnf; qkdekdionf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf oD;jcm;e,f f xlaxmif&ef t"du xm;awmif;qkdvm=uonf// TuJhokd@ trsdK;om;awmif;qkdcsufudk wpfqifhwufjyD; rGeftrsdK;om;rsm;wkd@ awmif;qkd vmonf// rGefjynfolvlxk vlwef;pm;toD;oD; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfvmonf// wcsdefwnf; rSmyif/ rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;onf/ b0wltjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;eSihfvnf; r[mrdwf zGJ@ekdKif&ef enf;vrf;&Smvmonf// rdrdwkd@.trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&; tcGifha&;rsm;udk awmif;qkd &mwGif/ b0wlvlrsdK;pkrsm;. axmufcHrSK vkdtyfa=umif;udk rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u jrifvm=uonf// xkda=umifh u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSihf ykdrdkcspf=unf&if;eSD;rSK&Sd&ef rGeftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@u =udK;pm;vm=uonf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(3)&ufwGif usif;yaom/ armfvjrdKif u&iftrsdK;om; uGefz&ifhokd@ ekdifvSarmif/ ekdifbvGif/ rd[Hom/ rGefq&mwif/ rGefomvif;/ rGefpdefxGef;wkd@ wufa&mufcJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;eSifh rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkH=ujyD; trsdK;om;ta&;udk aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// rGefu&iftrsdK;om;wkd@. a&S@vkyfief;pOf twGufnSdeSKdif;wkdifyifcJh=uonf// trsdK;om;a&;wGif rGef-u&if yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; udpP rsm;udk u&ifacgif;aqmif apmb=uD;eSifh aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf// u&iftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmif Page 195: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 195 apmbOD;=uD;u rdrd.t=uHpnfudk rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; xkwfaz:ajymjyonf// 4if;wkd@ u&iftrsdK;om;taejzihf zqyvtpkd;&tm;/ vufeuftiftm;jzifh/ t=uyfudkifjyD; trsdK;om; tcGifha&;udk ta&;qkdoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;cJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; taejzifhvnf; TuJhokd@yif vufeuftiftm;jyjyD; zqyvtpdk;&xHrS/ rdrd&oifh&xkduf aomtcGifha&;udk awmif;qkdoifhonf[k apmbOD;=uD;u t=uHjyKcJhonf// rGeftrsdK;om; acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ekdifvSarmif/ ekdfifbvGifwkd@uvnf;/ rdrdwkd@onfvnf;/ vufeuf tiftm;jyjyD;/ zqyvtpkd;&tm; t=uyfudkfifta&;qdkoGm;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf// xkdokd@rGefu&ifacgif;aqmifrsm; awG@qkHaqG;aEG;jyD;/ wOD;.ta&;udkwOD;u 0kdif;0efulnD=u&ef oabmwl=uonf// wlnDaom tusdK;udpP&yfrsm;wGif yl;wGJ aqmif&Guf=u&efvnf; oabmwl =uonf// xkdokd@rGef-u&if eSpfO;D eSpfzuf nDnGwfaeonfhtjzpfudk zqyv tpkd;&u pdk;&drf=uD;pGm rsufajcrjywf tuJcwf apmifh=unfhaeonf// rGeftrdsK;om;eSifh P u&iftrsdK;om;wkd@onf/ wpfOD;udpukd wpfOD;u axmufcHulnD=u&ef/ oabmwlnDrSK &&Sdxm;=uonf[k owif;pmtoD;oD;wkd@u xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfu/ o&ufjrdK@txd/ atmufjrefrmekdifiHwpfckvkH;udk rGefjynfe,ftjzpf awmif;qkd rnf[lIvnf; owif;pm toD;oD;rS a&;om;az:jy=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfonf/ rdrdwkd@OD;aqmif qkH;jzwfawmif;qkdxm;aom/ rGefjynfe,f az:xkwfa&;twGuf/ vkH;yrf; =udK;pm;vm&awmhonf// rGefvlrsdK;rsm; aexkdifaom/ c&kdif/ jrdK@e,f/ aus;&Gma'orsm;qDodk@ uGif;qif;pnf;&kH;&ef/ wm0efcGJa0 ,l=uonf// rGefjynfe,f tjrefaz:xkwfa&; atmifjrifa&;twGuf/ ydkrdkjyif;xefaom pnf;&kH;a&;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf edkfif&ef wm0efcJa0=uonf// a&;e,feSifhusdKuQrDe,fudk rGefocif=uD;/ rGefpHol/ edkifbvGifeSifh G a'ocHacgif;aqmifrsmjzpf=uaom ekdifyef;om (0Juavmif)/ ekdif'Gwf(uGmefvSm)/ ekdif&kd;wdk@eSifh vufwGJjyD; pnf;vkH;a&;qif;usonf// rk'kHe,fudk/ edkifvSarmif/ ekdifomeSif;eSifh a'ocH acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom ekdifausmif(uavmhaomh)/ ekdifbkd;aumif;wkd@eSihf vufwJjG yD; pnf&kH;a&; vkyfief;ukd aqmif&Guf=uonf// rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf. xkd;azgufpnf;&kH;a&; vkyief;onf/ txl;yif atmifjrifvmonf// f zqyvtpkd;&onf rsufvkH;jyL;vmonf// Tokd@ pnf;&kH;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wkd;wufatmifjriff vmonfeSifhtrSs/ zqyvtpkd;&onf/ rGefacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pkHjzifhpwif/ &efjyK vmonf// jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf// rGefvlrsdK; a&;&mtzGJ@csKyfuvnf; tpkd;&jcdrf;ajcmufrSKudk wkef@jyef&ef jyifqif vmonf// zqyv tpkd;&uwdk;I vufeufjzifh zdeSdyf vmygu/ vufeufjzifh jyefvnf ckcHedkfif&eftwGuf/ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&mtzGJ@csKyf vufatmufwGif trsdK;om; umuG,fa&; Xmewckudk v#dK@0Sufwkd;csJ@ zGJ@pnf;xm;vkdufonf// Page 196: 196 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) TuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;a&;&m tzGJ@csKyfrS ajcvSrf;oGufoGufjzifh t&Sdeft[kefwif pnf;&kH;a&; qif;aeonfhtcsdefwGif wzufY rGefwkdfif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH; uvnf; tm;tifopfjzifh pkpnf;nDnGwfpGm zGJ@pnf;vm=uonf// rdrdwkd@wkdufyJG qifcJhonfh/ wkdifjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJtm; oydwfarSmufrSKa=umifh rdrdwdk@twGif; tcsif;csif; oabmuGJjym; jcm;em; cJh=ujyD;/ txkduftavSsmuf tm;enf; ,drf;,dkifvmcJhonf// tiftm;opfrsm;udk pnf&kH; odrf;oGif;I topfwzef pnf;vkH;nDnGwf tm;aumif;aom tpnf;t&kH;wck jzpfvm&ef =udK;pm; vm=uonf// 1947-ckeSpfwGif rk'kHjrdK@e,f urm0uf&GmY rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u rGeftrsdK;om; nDvmcH w&yfudkac:,l usif;yygonf// 4if;nDvmcHrSvnf; rGefjynfe,faz:xkwf&ef awmif;qkd a=umif; qkH;jzwf=uonf// tiftm;aumif;aom trSKaqmifopf w&yfudkvnf; jyefvnf a&G;aumufwifajrmuf=uonf// rGewkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH; f tvkyftrSKaqmifopf OuUX rGefzkd;csdK 'kOuUX ekdifatmifxGef;(yi) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGef(urm0uf) trSKaqmiftzGJ@0ifrsm; rGefq&m[kd(urm0uf) q&mrGefzkd;pdef(urm0uf) ekdifxGef;cif(urm0uf) ekdifausmfvS edkifarmif=uD; edkifpHnGef@ q&mpH&$ef;(urm0uf) wkd@jzpfonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;onf/ rGefvli,frsm;udk pnf;&kH;a&;twGuf vli,faumfrwD w&yfukdvnf;zGJ@pnf;cJhonf// 4if;rGefvli,faumfrwDudk ekdifxGef;ciftm; OD;aqmifapcJhonf/ 4if;aumfrwDrS=uD;rSL;usif;yaom/ vli,fum,AvvSKyf&Sm;rSKoifwef;w&yfudk/ armfvjrdKif/ Page 197: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 197 &GmvGwfausmif;wGif zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf// oifwef;jyD;qkH;aomtcg/ armfvjrdKifjrdK@ay:wGif pDwef;vSnfhvnfI rGefvli,f tiftm; jyyGJw&yfudk jyKvkyfcJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;rS &mrnowif;pmudk (3)ywf w=udrfus rGef-jrefrm bmom (2)&yfjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf// rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. a=uG;a=umfoHjzifh xkwfa0aom &mrnowif;pmudk taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefeSifh q&m[kd wkd@u =uD;=uyf wm0efcHI xkwfa0;onf// Tokd@rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@.trsdK;om;ekdifiHa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSK/tvGeft&Sdef&tm;aumif;aepOfrSmyif/ Jh &efukefjrdK@&Sd rGefvli,ftzGJ@uvnf;/ txl;tpnf;ta0;w&yfudkac:,lconf/ 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(12)&ufae@wGif/ &efukefbk&m;vrf;&Sd/ uefx&kdufwm/ ekdifrGefaxmf/ aetdrfYusif;y=uonf// tpnf;ta0; obmywdtjzpf/ rGefausmfvuaqmif&GufjyD;/ S 20 twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfrGefatmifcspf(xkH;tkdif)uaqmif&Gufonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;u oabmwltwnfjyKvkdufonfh/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;teuf ta&;ygonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm/ (1) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eSifhtaygif;tyg0ef=uD;rsm;usqkH;onfudk/txl; 0rf;enf;a=uuGJjyD;vSsif/ vlowf0g'udkt=uGif;rJh&SKwfcsa=umif;// (2) 1948/ckeSpfZefem0g&DvxufaemufrusapbJ/Armjynftm;vkH;0vGwf vyfa&;ay;&efawmif;qkd a=umif;// (3) &Srf;/u&if/ucsif/csif;/ vlrsdK;wdk@onfrdrdwkd@uH=urRmudk rdrdwkd@bmom/ zefwD;ekdifaomtcGifha&;rsm;ukd&&Sd=uonfudk0rf;omtm;&yga=umif;// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf 4if;tcGifhta&;rsdK;udk r&&Sdojzifh txl;0rf;enf; rda=umif;// (4) ArmekdifiHtpkd;&u/ rGefvlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ awmif;qkdcsuf(7)csuf teuf/ wcsufrSsjynfhjynfhpkHpkHray;bJ// rajymyavmufonfhtcGifh ta&;eSifhom/t=uKH;0ifaom/tpdwftydkif;uav;tenf;i,fudkom/ vkdufavsmaoma=umifh/Ttpnf;ta0;uvkH;0rauseyfa=umif;// (5) rGefvlxktm;vkH;.w&m;ojzifh/ awmif;qkdaomvkdvm;csufrsm;udk &&Sdatmif/ rGefrsdK;cspf acgif;aqmifrsm;/ pdwftm;ravsSmhbJ/ w&m; Oya'twGif;Y wnf&Sdaom vrf;a=umif;rsm;jzihf/ &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H=udK;yrf; 20 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/269 Page 198: 198 Edkifazodef;jZm (zuf'&,fwuUodkvf) aqmif&Guf&mwGif/ rGefvlxk ZmwdaoG;eSihf ulnD tm;ay;&ef/ T tpnf;ta0;u wkdufwGef;yga=umif;// (6) ArmekdifiHawmftpkd;&u/ rGefvlxk udk,fpm;vS,frsm;. awmif;qkd csufrsm;udk tcdsefrSDjyefvnf pOf;pm;oifha=umif;//21 [lIjzpfonf// rGefvli,fwdk@. qkH;jzwfcsufudk =unfhvsSif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@. w&m;rSSswaom/ awmif;qkdcsuf (7)csufudk/ zqyvtpkd;&u rvkdufavsmonfhtwGuf/ tvGefrauseyfa=umif; ay:vGif d aeonf// rGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ rdrwkd@onfvnf;/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om; enf;wl/ ukd,fuH=urRm udkf,fzefwD;cGifhudk &vkda=umif; xif&Sm;onf// rGefjynfe,fudk r&vSsif/ &onfhtxd Oya'abmif twGif;rSaeI/ w&m;rSswaom enf;vrf;jzif qufvufawmif;qkdoGm;&ef rGefjynfolvlxkudk eSKd;aqmfxm;onfudk awG@&onf// rGefvli,f tzJG@pnf;onf/ trsdK;om; ekdifiHa&;awmif;qkdrSKwGif/ wufwuf=uG=uGyg0ifvmonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv(16)&ufae@wGif/ usdKuQrDc&kdifvrdkif;&GmY rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;.tpnf; ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rS/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f awmif;qkd&efeSifh rGef&Jabmftpnf;t&kH; zGJ@pnf;&ef tqkdjyKcJh=uonf// wcsdefwnf;rSmyif/ rGefvGwfvyfa&;tzGJ@csKyf22uvnf; vrdkif;&GmY tpnf;ta0; usif;y=uonf// 4if; tpnf;ta0;rS/ rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@. bmom/ omoem wkd;wufa&;twGuf/ aqmif&Guf ay;&ef/ rGeftrsdK;om; wkd@tm; ppfwyfeSifh ykvdyftzGJ@wGif/ trSKxrf;cGifhjyK&ef/ oD;jcm; rGefjynfe,f/ awmif;qkd&efwkd@eSifhywfoufIaqG;aEG;nSdeSKdif;=uonf// 1947-ckeSpf atmufwkdbmv/(29)&ufae@wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;u =uD;rSL;I rGeftrsdK;om;wkd@.tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk udsKuQrDc&kdif/ acsmif;qkHjrddK@e,f/ &GmvGwfaus;&Gm Yusif;ycJhonf//23 4if;tpnf;ta0;wGif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om;tpnf;t&kH;. OuUXrGefbkd;csdKu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@.=uD;rm;aom ordkif;tpOfvmudk &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonf// wqufwnf;rSmyif/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taejzifh/ rdrdwkd@&oifh&xkdufaom tcGifhta&;twGuf/ wkdufyGJ0if=u&ef vkdtyfa=umif; eSdK;aqmf wkdufwGef; oGm;onf// rdrdwkd@uH=urRm rdrwkd@ udk,fwkdif zefwD;cGifh d &Sdaom/ oD;jcm;rGefjynfe,f &&Sda&;twGuf/ rGefwrsdK;om;tm;vkH;pnf;vkH; nDnGwf=u&ef 21 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/270 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271 23 1958-1962/jrefrmedkifiHa&;/pm/271 22 Page 199: OuUX=uD;Edkifa&$usifeifhawmfvSefa&;orm;/ 'dk@rGefausmif;om; S 199 wkdufwGef; eSdK;aqmfoGm;onf// 4if;tpnf;ta0;rSmyif/ rGefwkdif;&if;om; tpnf;t&kH;. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL; ekdifcsrf;rGefuvnf;/ atmufyg twkdif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;oGm;onf/ “ordkif;tpOftvmt&/ rGevlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ykdifeufe,fy,fonf/ o&ufjrdK@txd f &ScJhonfudk rnfolwpfOD; wpfa,mufrsSrjiif;ekdifyg// okd@&mwGif jynfaxmifpk d jrefrmekdifiH. tvHawmfopfrm/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;wkd@twGuf oD;oef@ txdrf; S trSwftjzpf/ =u,fwpfvkH;pD &&SdcJh=uaomfvnf; rGetrsKd ;om;wkd@rSm/ rdrvlrsdK;udk f d udk,fpm;jyKaom/ =u,fwpfvkH; 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